Settlement system and economic practices in the Orkhon Valley during the Mongol Empire

在成吉思汗的继任者Ögödei（1229-1241）统治期间，蒙古帝国进入了巩固阶段。1235年，他将喀喇昆仑扩大为首都，并在该市安置了工匠和行政专家。使臣、贡品和战利品到达了这座城市，不断有报道称，统治者的宫殿旁边有鼓鼓囊囊的宝库。现有的文字资料和考古资料表明，喀喇昆仑城、住宅和定居点是在Ögödei可汗统治下的短短四年（1235-1238）内建成的。在一个没有城市的地区，从零开始创造城市景观，这是迄今为止尚未得到认可的杰作。这个山谷一定已经从一个低密度的营地和人口的田园经济迅速转变为一个由帝国组织的城市景观，在定居模式、土地利用和人口构成方面发生了相应的根本性变化。对额外能源和其他资源的突然需求对自然和人类来说一定是一个挑战。综合所有迹象，城市环境一定受到了巨大的影响。本项目旨在研究额尔沁河谷中部所有已知的蒙古帝国不可移动建筑聚落。这些定居点的范围将被完整地记录下来，定居点计划将被起草，其结构将被描述。烟火装置应本地化，如果可能，应确定其功能。在与SP3和SP4的密切合作下，该项目将制作所有相关地点的精确磁地形图和地形图。此外，将首次为蒙古记录对核查研究股的论文至关重要的两项活动：农业和炼铁。与SP5的密切合作将使人们了解巴彦戈尔遗址的农业实践，此外，还将在蒙古首次建立田间系统的分类和年代测定。将进行几项调查，以确定该地区的铁冶炼地点。铁生产的各个步骤都是能源和劳动密集型的。我们假设主要是木材，分别使用木炭作为燃料，因此突然增加的需求可以在环境档案中捕获。与SP2合作，我们将继续在额尔孔谷进行行人调查，特别关注山谷西北部地区，在那里我们发现了一个新的定居点。结合从之前的调查中收集到的信息，我们将初步了解聚落模式的密度，季节性和永久性基地之间的关系，以及为城市和居民提供供应的生产基地网络。

During the reign of Ögödei (1229-1241), the successor of Genghis Khan, the Mongolian Empire entered a phase of consolidation. In 1235, he had Karakorum expanded as the capital and settled craftsmen and administrative specialists in the city. Envoys, tributes and loot reach the city, and there are repeated reports of the bulging treasure houses next to the ruler's palace. The available data from written sources and archaeology indicates that the city of Karakorum, the residences and the settlements were built within a period of only four years (1235-1238) under Ögödei Khan. Creating an urban landscape from scratch in a region without any existing cities is a masterpiece and has not been recognized as such until now. The valley must have been quickly transformed from a pastoral economy with low density of campsites and population into an urban landscape organized by the empire with corresponding radical changes in settlement patterns, land use, and composition of the population. The sudden need of additional energy and also of other resources must have been a challenge for nature and man. Taking all indications together there must have been an enormous urban impact of the environment. This project aims at studying all known settlements with non-movable architecture of the Mongol empire in the middle Orkhon Valley. These settlements are to be completely recorded in their extent, settlement plans are to be drawn up and their structure is to be described. Pyrotechnic installations should be localized and, if possible, their function determined. In close cooperation with SP3 and SP4 this project will produce precise magnetic and topographic maps of all the sites in question. In addition, two activities that are central for the verification of the theses of the Research Unit will be recorded for Mongolia for the first time: Agriculture and iron smelting. Close cooperation with SP5 will result in a knowledge of agricultural practices at the Bayan Gol site and in addition to it a classification and dating of field systems will be established for the first time in Mongolia. Several surveys will be conducted to localize iron smelting sites in the region. The various steps of iron production are very energy and labor intensive. We assume that primarily wood respectively charcoal was used as fuel, so that the abruptly increased demand can be captured in the environmental archives. In cooperation with SP2 we will continue the pedestrian surveys in the Orkhon Valley with a special focus on the area in the northwest part of the valley where we discovered a new settlement. Together with already gathered information from previous surveys we will get a first understanding of the density of the settlement pattern, the relationship between seasonal and permanent sites, and the network of producing sites for supplying the city and the residences.