Social Basis for Voluutary Orgauizatious Active in Disaster : Japan-US Comparison

本研究对日本和美国灾害志愿者组织的活动进行了实地调查和理论分析，并对其社会基础进行了比较。通过比较，本研究不仅分析了灾难志愿者在未来减灾体系中的现实意义，而且为未来灾难志愿者的研究提出了理论框架。首先，我们继续在阪神大地震后建立的积极参与灾难的日本志愿者网络中进行参与式观察，并撰写了详细的民族志。其次，我们对洛杉矶紧急网络(ENLA)进行了采访，并收集了北岭地震后出现的文件。我们还研究了Enla核心成员的生活史，以确定他们参与Enla的动机。第三，我们提出了灾难志愿者未来研究的理论框架，不仅参考了群体动力学，还参考了各个相关领域。最后，结合神户大地震后的灾区报告和近期建立全国性灾难志愿者组织网络的动向，提出了基于日美两国差异的救灾体系的实践观点，以及未来灾难志愿者研究的实践和理论观点。我们发现，无论日美两国有何差异，和平时期当地社区的活动都会影响紧急情况下的志愿者活动的效率。两国的志愿者个人动机不同，需要在日本的志愿者组织之间建立全国性的和地方性的网络。再次证实了群体动力学框架最适用于灾难志愿者的研究。

The present study conducted fieldwork and theoretical analyses of activities of disaster volunteer organizations both in Japan and in the US, and compared their social basis. According to the comparisons, this study not only analyzed practical significance of disaster volunteers in future disaster mitigation system, but also proposed a theoretical framework for future research in disaster volunteers.First, we continued our participant observation in Nippon Volunteer Network Active in Disaster, which was established after the Great Hanshin Earthquake, and wrote an ethnography in detail. Second, we conducted interviews to and collected documents from the Emergency Network of Los Angeles (ENLA) that emerged after Northridge earthquake. We also studied the life-histories of core members of ENLA to identify their motivations to take part in the ENLA. Third, we proposed a theoretical framework for future study on disaster volunteers by referring not only to group dynamics, but also to various related areas. Finally, by taking into account the reports from the disaster field immediately after the Kobe quake and the recent movement toward establishment of a nation-wide network of disaster volunteer organizations, we presented practical views for the disaster relief system based on the differences between Japan and the US, and a practical and theoretical view for the studies on disaster volunteers in future.We found that, regardless of differences between Japan and the US, activities in local communities during the peace time have impacts on efficiency of volunteer activities in an emergency. Individual volunteers were motivated differently between two countries, it is needed to establish nation-wide and local network among volunteer organizations in Japan. It was reconfirmed that the framework of group dynamics could be most applicable to the research in disaster volunteers.