Quantum simulation of far-from-equilibrium gauge-theory dynamics

我目前的工作主要集中在非平衡动力学和规范理论的量子模拟上，这是具有局部规范对称性的基本量子多体模型，通过物质和规范场之间的局部约束来编码自然定律。实现规范理论的大规模量子模拟器并稳定和控制它们的非平衡动力学是一项突出的挑战，其成就将允许在可访问的桌面量子设备上探索一些最基本的自然问题。特别是，我对两个方面感兴趣：(I)理解和技术上利用这些模型的非平衡动力学，因为它们与高能和凝聚态物理相关；（ii）通过严格的理论框架，在现代量子模拟器上设计规范理论的受控和可靠实现。尽管在这两个方面取得了令人印象深刻的进展，但仍有一些重大问题有待解决。在第一个方面，这些包括规范理论中的热化或缺乏热化，限制-定义跃迁，更高空间维度的弦断裂，规范理论中无无序局域化的性质及其与正统多体局域化的关系，量子多体伤痕的规范理论起源，阶梯预热化及其与高斯定律的动态重整化的联系，仅举几例。对这些问题的研究对于让我们更好地理解一般的量子多体模型，特别是规范理论是如何脱离平衡的，具有重要的基础意义，并且在促进量子信息技术的应用方面具有广阔的前景。在第二个方面，尽管取得了令人印象深刻的进展，但在规范理论的量子模拟方面仍有很多工作要做。虽然重要的原理验证实验已经证明了在小型构建块上规范对称的模拟，但在最简单规范群之外，规范场与动态物质耦合的大规模模拟仍有待实现。规范理论的圣杯——具有SU(3)非阿贝尔规范对称性的量子色动力学，要在现实的大规模量子模拟器上实现还有很长的路要走。致力于规范理论模拟的量子模拟器具有超越经典方法的真正潜力，因此推进这一技术具有重要意义。

The main subject of my current work is concentrated around the out-of-equilibrium dynamics and quantum simulation of gauge theories, which are fundamental quantum many-body models with local gauge symmetries that encode the laws of nature through local constraints between matter and gauge fields. Achieving large-scale quantum simulators of gauge theories and stabilizing and controlling their out-of-equilibrium dynamics is an outstanding challenge whose accomplishment will allow probing some of the most fundamental questions of nature on accessible table-top quantum devices. In particular, I am interested in two fronts: (i) understanding and technologically leveraging the out-of-equilibrium dynamics of these models as relevant to both high-energy and condensed matter physics, and (ii) devising controlled and reliable realizations of gauge theories on modern quantum simulators through rigorous theoretical frameworks. Although there has been impressive progress on these two fronts, there are still major open questions. On the first front, these include thermalization or lack thereof in gauge theories, the confinement-deconfinement transition, string breaking in higher spatial dimensions, the nature of disorder-free localization in gauge theories and its relation to orthodox many-body localization, the gauge-theoretic origin of quantum many-body scars, staircase prethermalization and its connection to the dynamical renormalization of Gauss's law, to name a few. Research into these questions is of fundamental importance in allowing us to better understand how quantum many-body models in general, and gauge theories in particular, behave out of equilibrium, and has the promising prospect of facilitating applications in quantum information technologies. On the second front, despite impressive progress, there remains a lot to do in terms of the quantum simulation of gauge theories. While important proof-of-principle experiments have demonstrated the simulation of gauge symmetries on small building blocks, large-scale simulations of gauge fields coupled to dynamical matter beyond the simplest gauge groups remain to be implemented. The holy grail of gauge theories, quantum chromodynamics with its SU(3) non-Abelian gauge symmetry, is still a long way to implement on a realistic large-scale quantum simulator. Quantum simulators dedicated to the simulation of gauge theories have the real potential to surpass classical methods, and therefore advancing this technology is of great significance.