Behavioral, emotional and physiological consequences and possible interventions to reduce work stress in younger and older professional drivers

职业司机在日常工作中暴露在高度的压力下，因为持续的时间压力和艰苦的工作条件，几乎没有行动控制，这可能会增加与压力相关的疾病和提前退休的风险。鉴于全欧洲货运职业司机中缺乏熟练工人，似乎有必要使他们的工作更具吸引力、更安全和更健康，以便使职业司机的工作能力保持到老年。在该项目中，职业司机在特定驾驶情况下的工作压力和个人应对策略将与一般工作条件、个人特征和与健康相关的生理参数有关。此外，还将调查改善这些主观和客观参数的各种干预措施。在研究1中，将使用对职业司机的在线调查来调查特定工作的压力因素、个人工作条件、健康状况以及对压力工作情况的主观体验和处理。目的是找出不同类型的司机，例如，他们在压力管理策略上的不同。在此基础上，研究二将考察驾驶模拟器中典型工作压力情境和驾驶压力的影响。为此，职业司机驾驶一条给定的路线，其中通过操纵路线的复杂性和时间压力来系统地改变压力。收集了行为(驾驶行为)以及主观(经验、情绪)和生理(心电、脑电、皮质醇)数据。在此基础上，研究三个干预组采用不同的行为预防性干预方法(身体活动/运动、放松技术、对应激诱导情境的认知再评价)来降低驾驶模拟器中的应激反应。在事前/事后设计中，行为、主观和生理参数上的干预措施的有效性将相互测试，并针对个别干预措施可能引起的变化(包括相关情况和人的特征)与对照组进行测试。最后，在项目中获得的知识将用于制定组织和个人措施，并得出有助于保持职业司机的健康和工作能力的建议。

Professional drivers are exposed to high levels of stress in their daily work due to continuous time pressure and difficult working conditions with little action control, which can increase the risk of stress-related illnesses and early retirement. In view of the Europe-wide shortage of skilled workers among professional drivers in freight transport, it appears necessary to make their work more attractive, safer and healthier in order to maintain the work ability of professional drivers into old age. In the project, work-related stress and individual coping strategies of professional drivers in specific driving situations will be related to general working conditions, personal characteristics and health-relevant physiological parameters. Moreover, various interventions for improving these subjective and objective parameters will be investigated. In study 1, an online survey of professional drivers will be used to investigate job-specific stress factors, individual working conditions, health status, and the subjective experience and handling of stressful work situations. The aim is to identify different types of drivers who differ, for example, in their stress management strategies. Based on this, study 2 will investigate the effects of typical work stress situations and driving stress in the driving simulator. For this purpose, professional drivers drive a given route, in which stress is systematically varied by manipulating the complexity of the route and the time pressure. Behavioral (driving behavior) as well as subjective (experience, emotions) and physiological (ECG, EEG, cortisol) data are collected. Based on this, study 3 will investigate different behavioral preventive intervention approaches (physical activity/sport, relaxation technique, cognitive reappraisal of the stress-inducing situation) to reduce the stress response in the driving simulator in three intervention groups. In a pre/post design, the effectiveness of the interventions on behavioral, subjective and physiological parameters will be tested against each other as well as against a control group with regard to possible changes caused by the individual interventions, including relevant situation and person characteristics. Finally, the knowledge gained in the project will be used to develop organizational and individual measures and to derive recommendations that can contribute to maintaining the health and work ability of professional drivers.