"Theoretical and empirical studies of the properties of Japanese in terms of linguistic universals"

1. 理论工作：以生成语法、广义短语结构语法和语言类型学为基础，对核心语言结构作为“语音”交替进行了广泛的研究，重点研究了主题的语义（theta）角色分配、句法与词汇衍生、主题到主题的语法化等理论概念。这种方法使我们能够从语言共相的角度构建一个解释日语特性的理论框架，并有助于解决个别理论特有的问题，如许可、条件、空范畴原则下的Wh-和量词运动、语言原型等。这些研究成果将为构建一个完整的语言学理论提供基础。资料的收集和分析：(1)日语错误分析的论文和书籍中有大约4000个错误；(2)中韩学生日语口语反应的记录；(3)外国学生日语作文中有更多的错误；(4)外国学生语言行为的录像资料。数据(1)-(4)由国立语言研究所、东京都大学、大阪大学和名古屋大学计算机化。这些数据揭示了：(1)研究论文中错误类型的局限性；(2)母语和非母语日语反应的差异；(3)实际日语教学中尚未被日语语言学涵盖的各种问题；(4)语篇语法与语言行为之间的密切关系。宣传：研究成果在本课题组策划的三次专题会议上进行了宣传。研究人员与日语教师之间最初明显存在的巨大差距，在随后的座谈会上通过坦率的意见交流而被弥补，为进一步的研究和教学实验提供了强大的动力。实验：(1)未接受日语训练的学生，(2)基于生成语法理论的语言习得实验，(3)外国学生语言行为实验。除了实验结果外，还开发了新的实验方法。少

1. Theoretical works: Based on Generative Grammar, Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar, and Linguistic Typology, the core linguistic structures were studied extensively as "Voice" alternations, focusing on the theoretical concepts of the semantic (theta) role assignments to subjects, syntactic vs. lexical derivations, and grammaticalization of topics into subjects. This approach enabled us to construct a theoretical framework for explanation of the properties of Japanese in terms of linguistic universals, and contributed to solving problems particular to individual theories, for example, license, conditions, Wh- and quantifier movements in terms of the empty category principle, linguistic prototypes, etc. These research findings will provide a basis for constructing an integrated linguistic theory.2. Collection and analysis of data: (1) about 4000 errors in papers and books dealing with Japanese error analyses, (2) recorded oral Japanese responses by Chinese and Korean students, (3) e … More rrors found in compositions written by foreign students learning Japanese, (4) video-taped data of linguistic behaviors by foreign students. The data (1)-(4) are computerized in the National Language Research Institute, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Osaka University, and Nagoya University. These data revealed: (1) limitations of types of errors taken up in research papers, (2) contrasts between native and non-native Japanese responses, (3) variety of problems in actual Japanese teaching, not yet covered in Japanese linguistics, (4) a close relation between discourse grammar and linguistic behaviors.3. Publicization: The research results were publicized in three symposia planned by this research team. A big gap between the researchers and Japanese language teachers, apparent at first, was filled by exchanges of candid opinions at the subsequent symposia, giving strong motivations for further researches and teaching experiments.4. Experiments: (1) with students without Japanese training, (2) on language acquisition based on Generative Grammatical theory, (3) on linguistic behaviors of foreign students. In addition to experimental findings novel experimental methods were developed. Less