Effect of photoperiod on the production of male-producing haploid eggs in paper wasps.

本文首先研究了纸黄蜂雌蜂雌雄蜂的产卵规律，将其分为三种类型：同时产雄蜂和生殖雌蜂的同时生产型、雄蜂先于生殖雌蜂生产的原生型和生殖雌蜂先于雄蜂生产的原雌型。本研究发现，中国对虾属于第一类，中国对虾、日本对虾和日本对虾属于第二类，中国对虾和印度拟对虾属于第三类。其次，研究了光周期对三种黄蜂雄蜂生产时间的影响：触角小蜂(原雌型)、黄小蜂(同时型)和斯氏小蜂(原生型)。在触角中国对虾和黄花对虾中，光周期影响雄虫的生殖时间。在日长较短的情况下，雄性更早产生。在所有实验条件下，无论是恒定的日长还是变化的日长都不影响雄性的产生时间，并且在所有的实验条件下，大多数雄性是在相同的时期产生的。结果表明，雄性生殖开始和停止的时间是由该物种的内部因素决定的，并对与生产进度有关的其他性状进行了调查。

Production schedules of males and reproductive females by foundress queens of paper wasps were,firstly,investigated.They were classified into three types; Simultaneous production type in which males and reproductive females were produced simultaneously, protandrous type in which males were produced before reproductive females,and protogynous type in which reproductive females were done before males. It is found in this study Polistes jadwigae belongs to the first type, P. snellei, P. mandarinus and P. japonica belong to the second type,and P. chinensis antennalis and Parapolybia indica do to the third type. Production schedules of other wasp species shown in the literature were also grouped into one of the three types.Secondly, effect of photoperiod on the timing of male production was investigated for three wasp species: P. chinensis antennalis (protogynous production type), P. jadwigae (simultaneous type) and P. snelleni (protandrous type). In P. chinensis antennalis and P. jadwigae, photoperiod affected the time of male production. In shorter day-length, males were earlier produced. In P. snelleni neither constant nor varying day-length did not affect the timing of male production and in all experimental conditions most males were produced in the same periods. It indicated that the timing of commencement and cessation of male production is determined by the internal factors in this species.Some other traits concerning the production schedules were also investigated.