Peter Berger's Sociology: Sociology of Religion and Phenomenological Approach

本文讨论彼得·l·伯杰（Peter L. Berger）在社会学理论方面的早期工作，它被认为是重要和有趣的，因为它代表了一个相当大的作品的开始，包含了其后来发展的大多数元素。自始至终，伯杰的目标都是让生活在现代社会变得有意义。伯杰早期作品的一部分涉及(1)社会中人的外部压力和内在束缚，(2)行动的意向性和自由的可能性。另一部分是关于社会学本身作为一门科学学科。它的主要方法论要求是充分的概念化，但对证据和客观性的关注也非常重要。伯杰社会学的特点是：(1)他的具体意识和隐喻语言的使用；(2)他含蓄地尝试综合古典社会学，调和微观社会学和宏观社会学；(3)对社会学各种伦理意蕴的敏锐认识。作者对伯杰的评价和批评主要集中在以下几点。(1)个人与社会的概念化：伯杰认为个人是一种自主的存在，但这种假设缺乏对人的基本社会特征的理解；后者被认为是迪尔凯姆式的，导致了一种物化的概念化。(2)伯杰的社会学观点是充分的，因为他认识到其研究对象作为一个整体的社会性质，以及其解释方法的社会性质，以及社会学与日常生活之间的关系。(3)关于解释方法的客观性逻辑，有一个尖锐的问题：这种逻辑没有得到适当的发展。(4)通过区分和澄清(A)认知和规范秩序，(b)规范和道德维度，(c)日常社会意义和最终意义，可以寻求客观性问题的解决方案；一般来说，需要澄清意义和顺序的关系。少

The present paper discusses Peter L. Berger's earlier work on sociological theory, which is deemed important and interesting in that it represents the beginning of a considerable opus, containing most elements of its later development. Throughout, Berger's aim has been to make sense of living in modern society.One part of Berger's earlier work concerns (1) the external pressures and inner bondage of man in society and, (2) the intentionality of action and the possibility of freedom. Another part conocerns sociology itself as an scientific discipline. Its main methodological requirement is adequate conceptualization,but concern about evidence and objectivity is also highly important.Characteristic of Berger's sociology is (1) his sense of the concrete and the use of metaphorical language; (2) his implicit attempt at a synthesis of classical sociology, and the reconciliation of micro-sociology and macro-sociology; (3) his keen awareness of various ethical implications of sociology.The pr … More esent author's evalution and criticism of Berger concern the following points. (1) The conceptualization of the individual and society: the former is assumed by Berger to be an autonomous being, but this assumption shows a lack of understanding of man's fundamental social character; the latter is thought of in Durkheimian fashion, resulting in a reifying conceptualization. (2) Berger's view of sociology is adequate, since he recognizes the social nature of its object as a whole as well as that of its interpretive method and the relationship between sociology and everyday life. (3) An acute problem concerns the logic of objectivity in connection with the interpretive method: this logic is not duly developed. (4) A solution to the problem of objectivity can be sought through distinctinguishing and clarifying (a) the cognitive and normative order, (b) the normative and moral dimension, and (c) everyday social meanings and ultimate meaning; in general a clarification is needed of the relationship of meaning and order. Less