Consensus and Dissent in Participation: The Protocols of the Communal Bodies of San Gimignano (1232–1240)

几乎没有注意到的研究，有一套独特的来源，从托斯卡纳城市圣吉米尼亚诺，这可以追溯到上半年的Duecento和提供独特的见解，以市民的论点，到政党和个人投票行为，到口头表达的意见和战略的政治共识建设和他们的文件形式在城市协议。该项目的目的是利用这些文件，将联合收割机关于政治参与的语言化和文件化的研究与关于在即将到来的人民争吵时期对共识和异议的政治处理的研究结合起来。特别是考虑到popolo的兴起，一个目标是了解政治变化和紧张局势如何反映在语言中。当理论上的波德斯塔文献专门针对一个新来的波德斯塔出现在一个分裂的社会面前的演讲情况提出样本演讲时，人们就清楚地看到，同时代人在语言方面恰当地处理异议是多么重要。波德斯塔文献的理论解释和圣吉米尼亚诺的协议之间的比较，这是这里的重点，使人们有可能关闭一个长期遗憾的公共修辞理论与实践之间的关系的研究差距。项目第二部分的目标与此密切相关。由于每个问题的记录都以个性化的方式记录了投票行为，因此在分析理事会成员群体特定投票行为的基础上，popolo的崛起变得可以理解。几年来，会议记录显示了个别成员如何投票，谁确立了自己的发言人地位，谁做出了最大的贡献，以及个别成员在多大程度上总是加入同一个人，即稳定的党派关系变得明显，以及人们在多大程度上倾向于在他们的行为中更不稳定。值得注意的是，这些议定书公开记录异议，从而使其可见。这似乎与研究中流行的观点相矛盾，即在社区公共传播中保持了共识的外观。因此，项目第二部分的目的是重新评估共识的价值和在城市公社的公共话语中承认不同意见的价值，并询问在争吵不休的城市公社中无论如何不能否认的不同意见以何种形式被接受，以及不同意见如何受到规范程序的控制。在第二个科学-政治层面上，该项目旨在加强意大利和德国之间的研究合作，特别是在对城市公社的生动研究领域，德国历史研究所已承诺提供支持。

Almost unnoticed by research, there is a unique set of sources from the Tuscan city of San Gimignano, which dates from the first half of the Duecento and which provides unique insights into the arguments of the citizens, into parties and personal voting behavior, into the verbalization of opinions and strategies of political Consensus building and into forms of their documentation in city protocols. The aim of the project is to use these documents to combine research on the verbalization and documentation of political participation with research on the political handling of consensus and dissent in the quarrelsome times of the up-and-coming popolo. Especially given the rise of popolo, one goal is to understand how political changes and tensions are reflected in the language. When the theoretical Podestà literature presents sample speeches specifically for a speech situation in which a newly arriving Podestà appears in front of a divided society, it becomes clear how important it was for contemporaries to deal with the dissent appropriately in terms of language. The comparison between the theoretical explanations of the Podestà literature and the protocols from San Gimignano, which are the focus here, makes it possible to close a long-lamented gap in research on the relationship between theory and practice of public rhetoric. The objective of the second part of the project is closely related to this. Since the minutes for each question note the voting behavior in a personalized way, the rise of the popolo becomes comprehensible on the basis of the analysis of the group-specific voting behavior of the council members. Over several years, the minutes show how individual members voted, who established themselves as spokesman, who made the most contributions and to what extent individual members always joined the same people, i.e. stable party affiliations become visible, and to what extent people tend to be more volatile in their behavior. It is remarkable how openly the protocols record dissent and thus make it visible. This seems to contradict the prevailing idea in research that a facade of consensus has been maintained in communal public communications. The aim of the second part of the project is therefore to reassess the value of consensus and the recognition of dissent in the public discourse of the city communes and to ask in what form dissent, which could not be denied in the quarrelsome city communes anyway, was accepted and how dissent was controlled by regulated procedures. On a second scientific-political level, the project is intended to intensify research cooperation between Italy and Germany, particularly in the field of lively research on the city communes, for which the German Historical Institute has promised support.