The Transformation of the Typological Tradition in H. D. Thoreau

这个项目的目的是研究亨利·大卫·梭罗的《美国自然》中类型学传统的转变。本研究分以下几个阶段展开：首先，我考察了梭罗的自然类型学观点与他同时代的英国浪漫主义者的观点，特别是他们对鸟意象的独特处理。《瓦尔登湖上的鸟儿》是梭罗实现自然千年的最重要的工具之一。在第二阶段，我研究了梭罗晚年的最后一部手稿，名为《自然笔记》，其中包括《种子的散布》。在这部手稿中，他建立了诗意而又科学的自然观，从传统的神学解释Nautre转变而来。在此过程中，笔者指出了达尔文的《物种起源》(1859)对梭罗的影响，他坚持不懈地研究并撰写了他在《协和》中对森林树木的各种观察。最后，我得出结论：梭罗晚年在与奴隶制问题的斗争中对美国历史和自然达成了一种生态观点，主要是关于约翰·布朗的，以及关于自然历史的大量著作。梭罗作为废奴主义者的社会活动被解读为与他在晚年参与自然的活动完全无关。然而，这个项目在他关于美国历史和自然的开创性生态思想中提出了社会主义者梭罗和自然主义者梭罗之间存在内在联系的假设。

The aim of this project was a study of the transformation of th typological tradition in Henry David Thoreau's interpretation of American Nature. The study proceeded in the following stages.First, I investigated Thoreau's typological point of view towards nature contrasted with that of his contemporaries, the British Romantics, especially focusing on their characteristic treatments of the imagery of birds. Birds in Walden was one of the most important instrument to realize natural millennium in Thoreau.In the second stage, I examined Thoreau's last manuscript in his last years, called "Nature Notes" including "The Dispersion of Seeds." In this manuscript, he established the poetic and yet scientific point of view towards nature transformed from the traditional theological interpretation of nautre. In the process, I pointed out the influence of Charles Darwin's The Origin of Species (1859) on Thoreau in his persevering investigation and writing his various observations on the forest trees in Concord.Finally, I have concluded that in his late years Thoreau has reached an ecological point of view towards American history and nature in his struggle with the slavery problem, mainly concerning John Brown, and in voluminous writing on natural history. Thoreau's social activities as an abolitionist have been interpreted as completely unrelated to his involvement with nature in his last years. However, this project proposed the assumption of an inner connection between the socialist Thoreau and the naturalist Thoreau in his pioneering ecological ideas about American history and nature.