A Research Project on Structural Transformation of Terrace-based Village Communities in Asia : An Interdisciplinary Approach

在这个项目中，我们调查了印度尼西亚巴厘岛的两个梯田村庄：1)巴厘岛原始灌溉组织Subak和其他村民习俗组织的功能；2)农业生产和农场经济状况。我们在巴厘岛中南部的图瓦村搭乘了Tempek GuYang和Tempek Puseh。这两个坦佩克之间有一些对比的特点。与坦佩古阳相比，坦佩普什的供水不足。而且坦佩普什的入口量比坦佩古阳的要多得多。此外，Tempek Puseh的每个成员都有义务说明每一块土地的排水点。我们可以证明Subaks/Tempek与行政村或其他传统乡村组织之间没有直接的交流。名为Gadai的土地借款制度的扩大和大量移民到其他岛屿等现象表明，自1970年S以来，该村农民的分化已经发展。原因是家庭现金支出的增加，特别是教育支出的增加，以及经济作物、咖啡或某种水果的引进。(2)Asak村我们调查了位于巴厘岛东南部的Asak村的Subak Umakahanang。与图瓦村的苏巴克相比，这个苏巴克的供水很丰富。因此，这个小组没有制定关于配水方式的规定。1978年，这个村庄引进了水稻田HYV。开始采用水稻-水稻-旱作的新种植模式，生产得到了发展。

In this project, we investigated two terrace-based villages in Bali Island, Indonesia as to 1) the functions of Subak, original irrigation organization of Bali Island, and of other customary organizations of villagers, 2) the situation of farm production and farm economies.The result of them are as follows.(1) Tuwa VillageSubaks have their substructures called Tempeks. We picked up tempek Guyang and Tempek Puseh in Tuwa Village located middle-south of Bali Island. There are some contrastive characteristics between these two Tempeks. Tempek Puseh is deficient in water supply in contrast to Tempek Guyang. And the number of intakes in Tempek Puseh is much larger than Tempek Guyang. Furthermore, every members of Tempek Puseh have a obligation as to the points of drainage of every plot.We could certify that there is not direct interchange between Subaks/Tempeks and administative villages or other customary rural organizations.Such phenomena as expansion of the land borrowing system called 'gadai' and emigrants in large number to other islands indicate that differentiation of farmers in this village has been developed since 1970's. The reasons are increase of cash household expense, especially expenditure for education, and introduction of cash crop, coffee or some kind of fruits.(2) Asak VillageWe investigated Subak Umakahanang in Asak Village located south-east of Bali Island. As compared with Subaks in Tuwa Village, this Subak is abundant in water supply. Accordingly this subak prepared no regulations as to the way of water distribution.Paddy HYVs were introduced in this village in 1978. New cropping pattern, paddy-paddy-upland crop, began to adopted and production has since developed.