A Study on the Bureaucrats of Hshin-fa Party in Sung Dynasty

1. 本研究之初衷，是为了厘清新发党官僚的真实状态，但目前尚未达到此目的。首先对新发党官僚面前代表北宋政治本质的督抚和谏吏进行了阐释，认为北宋前半叶的政治存在着新发党必须克服的某些因素，而这一因素的阐释使新发党改革的意义得以理解。本文试图从这一角度考察北宋前半叶审查员与示威者的制度，并阐明二者的真实状态。我演示了以下两点。(1)虽然过去学者认为《1017诏》确立了监察谏制的大纲，但通过对《1017诏》的重新考察，可以确定，《1017诏》并不一定是字面上的执行，事实上，监察谏者将其作为批评国家政策的权威依据，根据《1017诏》设立的监察谏者在监察者中所占比例极小。(2)特别是在北宋初期，审查员和游说者也有许多担任财政职位的情况，如国家财政委员会助理委员，而不是批评国家政策的职位。本文选取了北宋代表政师欧阳修的两本传记，并对其进行了比较研究。一个是昭发党收录在《正传》中的他的传记，另一个是新发党收录在《正传》中的传记。考虑到两党对他的评价的差异，我可以认识到审查员和示威者领导的政治的局限性和新发党政治的必要性。

1. I started this study in order to elucidate the real state of bureaucrats of Hsin-fa party, but at present I have not yet accomplished this purpose. For first of all I devoted myself to the elucidation of censors and remonstrators that stand for the political essence of northern sung dynasty before beaurocrats of Hsin-fa party : I thought that the politics in the first half of northern Sung dynasty era had certain factor which had to be overcome by Hsin-fa party and the elucidation of this factor made the significance of the reformation by Hsin-fa party understandable.2. From this standpoint I tried to investigate the institution of censors and demonstrators and elucidate their real states in the first half of northern Sung dynasty era. And I demonstrated the following two points.(1) Though scholdrs in the past thought that the edict in 1017 established the outline of the institution of censors and remonstrators, through a reexamination of this edict it was ascertained that this edict was not necessarily carried out litteraly but as matter of fact censors and remonstrators regarded it as a ground for their authorities of criticizing state policies, and that remonstrating censors established by this edict were a extremely small part of censors.(2) There wave many cases that censors and remonstrators also holded rather the financial posts e. g. assistant commissioner of State Finance Commission than the posts of criticizing state policies especially in the earliest days of northern Sung dynasty era.3. I took notice of two biographies of Ou-yang Hsiu, representative remonstrator in northern Sung dynasty, and examined them comparatively. One is his biography included in the True Records by Chiu-fa party and the other is that by Hsin-fa party. By means of consideration to the difference between two evaluations about him by both parties I could recognize the limit of politics led by censors and remonstrators and necessity of polities by Hsin-fa party.