Self-Defense in International Law : Its Contemporary Evolution Through State Practice

对相关的国家实践和国际判例进行了分析研究。首先，对国际法和国内法中的自卫概念进行了初步的探讨，并对不使用武力原则确立前后的自卫概念进行了比较。其次，从限制使用武力的外在要件和内在要件两个方面对自卫概念进行了探讨。从外部因素看，一是国际关系的变化，如东西方对立的结束;二是为诉诸武力辩护的新名称，即武力的合法性。例如，第三，发展技术，特别是军备领域的技术。通过四个因素进行考察。首先，讨论了与紧急情况、报复和不可抗力等相邻要素的区别。第二，武力攻击的定义受到低水平使用武力或可能的报复性自卫的影响。第三，在每个具体案例中，评估必要性是相当困难的。最后，互惠的概念不是定量的，而是定性的。本报告附有一份使用武力的国家做法和为暴力辩护的理由清单以及一份外国书籍和文件目录。

Research has been effected analyzing the related State practices and international jurisprudence. A tentative theoretical framework is established as follows :Preliminary considerations are done on the concept of self-defense in international and municipal law and on the difference between the self-defense before and after the establishment of the principle of non-use of forceThe concpet of self-defense is discussed through two facets, namely, external and internal elements of limitation of the use of force. As to the external elements, they are 1)the mutation of international relations, like the end of East-West opposition, 2)the new titles justifying the recourse to force, i. e., right of self-determination or humanitarian intervention and 3)the development of technology, especially in the field of armaments.The other facet is. -examined through four factors. First, the differences from some neighbouring elements, like necessity, reprisals and force major are treated. Second, the definition of the armed attacks is affected by low-level use of force or by possible oreventive self-defense. Third, the evaluation of necessity is quite difficult in each concrete case. Finally, the notion of reciorocity is not quantitative but qualitative. successively treated.A list of State practices of the use of force and reasons of justifying the violence and a bibliography of foreign books and documents are attached in the report.