Speciation and chemical variations in the genus Ramalina

对采自日本(30个分类群)和南美洲(182个分类群)的拉马利纳属植物进行了化学变异及其与形态和植物地理关系的研究。在雷马利纳属植物中发现的诊断髓物质是地衣酚多苷、β-地衣酚多西酮和脂肪酸。目前的研究表明，盾叶属亚属的物种每种有1-2个化学变异，而骨髓亚属的物种通常有3-5个化学小种。变异分为1)附加、2)替换和/或化学合成综合征类型。相比之下，松萝蜜表现出11种化学合成综合症类型的化学变异。在本种中，脂肪小种与其分布有很强的相关性。缺素小种共有53个类群，而无缺磷小种。子囊菌和菌体的解剖特征是非常有用的分类特征。在Ramalina发现了两种类型的软骨组织：光滑的、未破裂的软骨组织和破裂的软骨组织。鞭毛虫亚属的所有物种都有未破裂的软骨组织，而骨髓亚属的物种则有两种类型的软骨组织中的一种。在每个物种中，类型总是恒定的。子囊菌的解剖特征，如具适当的瓣片和假位下方的支持组织的特征，也被认为是本属的有用特征。

Species of the genus Ramalina collected mainly in Japan (30 taxa) and South America (182 taxa) are investigated for their chemical variations and their relationships with respect to morphology and phytogeography. The diagnostic medullary substances found in species of Ramalina are orcinol depsides, beta-orcinol depsidones and fatty acids. Present study revealed that species in the sugenus Fistularia show 1 to 2 chemical variations in each species, whereas species of the subgenus Myelopoea usually have 3 to 5 chemical races. The variation fall in 1) additional, 2) replace and/or chemosyndrome types. Ramalina usnea, in contrast, shows 11 chemical variations of the chemosyndrome-type. In this species, fatty asid (bourgeanic acid) race shows strong correlationship with its distribution. Total 53 taxa of the section Myelopoea chemical deficient races, whereas section Fistularia has no chemical deficient ones.Anatomical characters of apothecia and thalli can be considered very useful taxonomic characters. Two types of chondroid tissues are recognized in Ramalina; smooth, non-cracked chondroid tissue and cracked chondroid tissue. All species of the subgenus Fistularia have non-cracked chondroid tissue and species of the subgenus Myelopoea has one of the two types of chondroid tissue. The type is always constant in each species. Anatomical characters of apothecia such as characters of proper exciple and supportive tissue below hypotheicum are also considered as useful characters in the present genus.