Role of Executive Branch in Legislation

这项研究已经进行了两年(1992-93年)。政府主导的立法在日本的立法过程中，无论是在质量上还是在数量上都占有重要的地位。它们构成了国会中近85%的立法，许多暗示国家政策的法律都源于政府。这项以政府发起的立法为重点的研究结果可分为以下三个部分。大约一半的个别研究已经完成，但由于项目期限较短，其余研究以中期报告的形式提交。在适当的时候，将出版一本载有所有这些研究的完整版本的书。第一部分涉及一般主题。江口透露，官僚机构在起草法案的过程中会调整各种意见，反对党可以通过修改国会中的政府法案在立法中发挥重要作用。加藤研究行政机关如何调整Prepai…中的各个职位更多的账单。小川论述了“基本法”在规范行政决策过程中的作用。山口在20世纪80年代财政政策的政治与行政互动问题上将日本与美国进行了比较。Tsunemoto调查了美国公法理论家对立法程序模式的讨论。前田追溯了英国政府发起的立法的发展。清水显示了关于日本立法程序研究的争议点。第二部分包含项目调查者进行的政府发起的立法的案例研究：联合国维持和平行动合作法(Makino)；加入《难民条约》后相关法律和法规的修订(渡边)；儿童保育假法案(Ono)；大学理事会法(INA)；帝国时代名称法(Takami)；地方自治法修正案(KANBARA)；选举法(Okada)。第三部分记录了立法和行政从业人员在项目研讨会上所作的报告和问答，包括：老年保健服务法(渡边和OKAMSU)；《计算机处理个人数据保护法》(松村)；《大规模零售商店法》(古田)；《反有组织犯罪法》(吉田)。较少

This study has been carried out for 2 years (1992-93). The government-initiated legislations play important role in legislative process in terms of quality as well as quantity in Japan. They form almost 85 per cent of legislations in the Diet, and many of the laws to impliment national policies are originated from the government. The results of this study focusing government-initiated legislation can be devided into three parts mentioned below. About half of the individual studies have been finished, but the rest are presented as interim reports due to rather short term of the project. A book will be produced containing all these studies in completed form in due course.Part 1 deals with general themes. EGUCHI reveals that various opinions are adjusted during the preparation of a draft bill by the bureaucracy and the opposition parties can play important roles in legislation by revising government bills in the Diet. KATO studies how administrative organs adjust each positions in prepari … More ng a bill. KOBAYAKAWA deals with the role of "fundamental law" in regulating the policy making process in the executive. YAMAGUCHI compares Japan with the United States on the issue of interaction of politics and administration concerning fiscal policies in the 1980s. TSUNEMOTO surveys discussions on the legislative process models by American public law theorists. MAEDA traces the development of government initiated legislation in the United Kingdom. SHIMIZU shows points of dispute concerning legislative process study in Japan.Part 2 contains case studies of government initiated legislations conducted by the project investigators: United Nations Peace Keeping Operation co-operation Act (MAKINO); Amendment of relevant laws and regulations following the entry into the Refugee Treaty (WATANABE); Child Care Leave Act (ONO); University Council Act (INA); Imperial Era Name Act (TAKAMI); Amendment of Local Autonomy Act (KANBARA); Election Act (OKADA).Part 3 records the reports and Q and A's by legislative and administrative practitioners given at the project workshops including: Health Services for the Aged Act (WATANABE and OKAMITSU); Act for Protection of Computer Processed Personal Data (MATSUMURA); Large Scale Retail Store Act (FURUTA); Anti- Organized Crime Act (YOSHIDA). Less