Endogenous Development of Woodland Cultivators in Africa

我们在赞比亚北部林地的Bemba村庄进行了农业生态和社会生态学研究，研究了传统的轮作耕作(几丁香烯系统)和新引进的半永久耕作。此外，我们还推动了赞比亚和坦桑尼亚林地栽培者的比较研究。主要研究结果如下：1、研究区本巴村民对壳聚糖烯系统的依赖程度较高，维持了较高的生计。但自1986年以来，半永久性玉米种植开始在村庄中传播。在经历了快速过渡时期后，该村开始建立以几丁质油为生的种植与经济作物半永久种植并存的种植制度。这些过程和机理已经被准确地阐明。2、千年烯系统的特点是将林地树木的砍下的树枝聚集到空地的中心并焚烧。甲壳胺体系UTIL…通过燃烧，更有效地使土壤有机质和灰烬变得更有效。在养分贫瘠的林地沙地上，轮作、混作是唯一可持续的农业生产手段。这些农业生态条件已经得到了澄清。3，本巴人爬上球座，用斧头砍掉所有的树枝。他们焚烧那堆枯枝枯叶。这些做法与他们的祖先崇拜和他们关于冷热象征的宇宙观有很大的关系。这些信念正在通过世代的过渡而改变，这与农业的变化不谋而合。通过植被分析和卫星影像分析，对林地的生态状况、采伐对林地的影响和恢复过程进行了追踪。通过这些研究，我们掌握了研究区环境动态和土地利用制度存在的问题。5、调查了邦威鲁沼泽居民、通威人、马登戈人、尼姆韦兹人等林地各民族的社会生态和农业生态状况。这些研究将有助于澄清土著农业系统和农民社会在内生发展方面的潜力。较少

We have conducted agroecological and socioecological studies in the Bemba villages in the woodland of northern Zambia, on the traditional shifting cultivation (chitemene system) and newly introduced semi-permanent cultivation. Also, we have promoted the comparative studies on the cultivators of the woodland in Zambia and Tanzania. Major findings are as follows.1, The Bemba villagers of the research area have kept a subsistence life with strong reliance on the chitemene system. But since 1986 semi-permanent cultivation of maize has begun to spread among the villages. After experiencing a rapid transition period, the village started to build a atable system where chitemene cultivation for subsistence coexisted with semi-permanent cultivation for cash crop. These process and mechanism have been clarified precisely.2, Chitemene system is characterized by the compilation of chopped branches of the woodland trees into the center of the cleared land and burning them. The chitemene system util … More izes soil organic matter as well as ashes effectively through the burning. Under nutrient-poor sandy soils of the woodland, chitemene with the rotation and mixed cropping had been the only sustainable means of agriculture. These agroecological conditions have been clarified.3, Bemba men climb the tees and lop off all the branches with an ax. And they burn the pile of dead branches and leaves. These practices are deeply related to their ancestral worship and their cosmology concerning hot-cold symbolism. These beliefs are changing through the transition of the generations, which coincide with agricultural change. These data have been collected precisely.4, Ecological conditions, impacts of the cutting trees and recovering process of the woodland have been traced by vegetation analysis and satellite-image analysis. Through these studies we have grasped the environmental dynamics and the problems of land use system in the research area.5, We have investigated socioecological and agroecological conditions of various ethnic-groups living in the woodland such as the dwellers of Bangweulu swamp, the Tongwe, the Matengo and the Nymwezi. These studies will contribute to clarify the potentials of the indigenous agricultural systems and the peasant societies for endogenous development. Less