Investigation of Restoration and Conservation of Stone Remains in Thailand

1.清理情况被调查的古迹中使用的石头有砂岩、石灰岩和红土。红土处于稳定状态，砂岩处于最差状态。变质条件为：砂岩以剥落为主。恶化的原因是来自地面和降水的水。在炎热潮湿的热带环境下，也观察到了生物侵染造成的危害。环境调查泰国经历了整个阿雅尔典型的炎热潮湿的热带气候。在雨季，预计会有大量的降水。这样的环境在室外条件下会影响到古迹的对手。我们在其中两个被调查的古迹(Phanom Rung，Muan Tham)放置了测量装置，以监测更详细和准确的环境状况。研究结果如下：(1)除…外，该地区日最高气温持续偏高。更多的人全年都在30*C以下。(2)光线如此之强，以至于石头表面记录到的温度高达60*C。另一方面，由于辐射的降温，夜间地表温度可能会降至10摄氏度。白天温差较大，冬季尤为明显。(3)雨季和枯水期降水量差异较大。在雨季，虽然降雨量很大，但降雨很少持续一整天，强光的阳光和暴雨一天几次交替。这种情况在高温的帮助下，导致石头内部的雨水迅速蒸发，加速了变质。保护措施泰国美术部和国家文物保护委员会的保护小组讨论了古迹的保护措施，并对调查结果进行了讨论。双方同意如下：劣化的主要原因是结构内部渗水。当这些水流向石头表面并从表面蒸发时，就会发生变质。在这种情况下，保护的基本原则是避免渗透的水留在结构内部。较少

1. Condition of DeteriorationStones used in the monuments under the investigation are sandstone, limestone and laterite. Laterite is under stable condition, sandstone is under the worst condition. Condition of deterioration is as follows :Sandstone is mostly suffering from exfoliation. The cause of deterioration is water both coming from the ground and precipitation. Damage caused by biological infestation under hot and humid tropical environment is also observed.2. Environmental SurveyThailand experiences typical hot and humid tropical climate throughout ayar. During the rainy season substantial amount of precipitation can be expected. Such environment affect adversary to monuments under outdoor condition. We have placed measuring device in two of the investigated monuments (Phanom rhung, Muan Tham) in order to monitor more detailed and precise environmental condition. Findings are as follows :(1) Area is under exceedingly high temperature since daily highest temperature constantly ex … More ceeds 30*C throughout a year.(2) Ray is so strong that the temperature as high as 60*C was recorded on the surface of the stone. On the other hand, surface temperature could drop to 10*C during the night because of cooling due to radiation. Difference in temperature during a day is great especially in the winter time.(3) Amount of precipitation differs greatly during the rainy season and dry seasaon. During the rainy season, though immense amount of precipitation cpuld be recorded, rain rarely last whole day and sun with a strong beam and heavy rain alternate several times a day. This situation helped by high temperature cause rapid evaporation of the rainwater contained inside of the stone, which accelerate the deterioration.3. Conservation measureFine Arts Department of Thailand and the conservation team of TNRICP discussed about the conservation measure for the monuments with a result of the investigation. Both parties agreed as follows :The main cause of deterioration is water penetrated inside of the structure. Deterioration occurs when such water travels toward the surface of the stone and evaporates from the surface. Basic principle of conservation in this case is to avoid penetrated water remain inside of the structure. Less