Development of Easily Phase-Matchable Wavelength-Conversion Devices Due to Fabrication of Periodically Polarization-Inverted Structures Using Organic Nonlinear-Optical Crystals.

对于大便失禁患者的肛门功能重建，可以将股薄肌转置到肛管周围，用电刺激引起收缩。然而，由于快速抽搐的股薄肌无法在不疲劳的情况下长时间收缩，因此有必要将其转化为缓慢抽搐的抗疲劳肌肉。当肌肉收缩减少，甚至短暂的刺激之间，新生儿不能保持自制。因此，肌肉必须在每次刺激之间保持一定的张力。为了满足这些标准，新肛门括约肌的刺激频率必须包括足够的总和。我们使用兔子模型，通过长期低频电脉冲刺激（脉冲宽度0.2毫秒）证明了这种转换和收缩汇总。以2 Hz、5 Hz、10 Hz连续刺激家兔股薄肌神经2 ~ 8周。在10hz条件下训练6或8周，肌肉在20hz下产生足够的和（融合指数>90%），在15hz下也显示出足够的和（融合指数=80%），这个频率产生肌肉收缩而不疲劳。在单次脉冲刺激下，调节也延长了抽动收缩时间和半松弛时间，但在频率大于5 Hz时，调节使抽动收缩速度降低。在6周的调理组中，通过atp酶染色法鉴定的I型纤维百分比随着调理频率的增加和调理时间的延长而增加。在评估股薄肌转化为抗疲劳肌后，在日本白兔中进行了直肠周围肌肉的转位。在10Hz条件下训练6周的肌肉以15hz（低频率以允许延长收缩）刺激，新肛门压力最大增加到超过100 cmH2O。适便压力长时间维持10周以上（最长38周）无问题，而非调理组短时间内新肛管压力下降。这种调节使兔股薄肌以允许长时间收缩的频率产生肛门压力成为可能。因此，我们得出结论，在10 Hz条件下6周可以将兔股薄肌转化为缓慢抽搐，抗疲劳的肌肉，并在低频刺激下产生足够的累加，允许长时间的收缩，适合用于重建新肛门括约肌的电源。少

For reconstruction of anal function in fecally incontinent patients, it may be feasible to transpose the gracilis muscle around the analcanal, using electrical stimulation to trigger contraction. However, because the fast-twitching gracilis muscle is incapable of prolonged contraction without fatigue, it is necessary to convert it to a slow-twitching, fatigue-resistant muscle. When the muscle contraction decreases even transiently between stimuli, the neoanus cannot maintain continence. Thus, the muscle must keep some tension between each stimulus. To fulfilll these criteria, the neoanal sphincter must be stimulated at a frequency that can include sufficient summation. We demonstrated this conversion and contractile summation by long-term electrical pulse stimulation (0.2 msec pulse width) at low frequencies using a rabbit model. The nerve to the gracilis muscle of rabbits was continuously stimulated at 2 Hz, 5 Hz and 10 Hz for 2 to 8 weeks. This conditioning reduced frequency necessar … More y for summation, and the muscles conditioned at 10 Hz for 6 or 8 weeks induced sufficient summation (fusion index>90%) at 20 Hz, and also showed sufficient summation (fusion index=80%) at 15 Hz, a frequency that produced muscle contraction without fatigue. The conditioning also prolonged twitch contraction time and half relaxation time for one-shot pulse stimulation, but the twitch contraction speed reduced with conditioning at a frequency more than 5 Hz. In the 6-week conditioning group, the percentage of type I fibers, identified by ATPase staining method, increased as the conditioning frequency became higher and the conditioning period became longer. After assessment on the conversion of gracilis musle to a fatigue-resistant muscle, transposition of the muscle around the rectum was performed in Japanese white male rabbits. The muscles conditioned at 10Hz for 6 weeks were stimulated at 15 Hz, a low frequency to permit prolonged contraction, and the neoanal pressure increased maximally to more than 100 cmH2O.The pressure suitable for fecal continence maintained in long period more than 10 weeks (maximally 38 weeks) without any trouble, while the non-conditioning group showed decay of neoanal pressure in short period. The conditioning made it possible for the rabbit's gracilis muscle to create anal pressure at a frequency permitting prolonged contraction. Thus, we concleded that the conditioning at 10 Hz for 6 weeks can convert rabbit gracilis muscle to a slow-twitching, fatigue-resistant muscle and produce enough summation at a low frewuency stimulation to permit prolonged contraction suitable for power source to reconstruct a neoanal sphincter. Less