A test of evolutionary theories on the sterile caste of social insects-comparative ecology of polygyny-

在巴拿马研究了三种蚂蚁、两种黄蜂和一种白蚁。巴西的哥斯达黎加。主要结果是：1)无翅的蜂后往往是一夫多妻的，但仍没有减少翅干。2)在两种原始蚂蚁中，Myrmicocrypta ednaclla和Cyphomyrmex rimosus。后者表现出以作物液为菌圃基质的独特行为。(3)在2种胡蜂中，smithparamargus smithii和P.fraternus。成群的雌蚁在最开始的阶段就开始构建外壳。与迄今为止报道的群体建立政治不同。白蚁Masutitermes corniger常表现为一夫多妻制，被认为是由拟合体演化而来。

Three ant, two wasp and one termite species were studied in Panama. Costa Rica of Brazil. Main results were : 1)A ponerine ant Gnamptogenys horni was often polygynous with wingless queens still showing no reduction of alate alitrunk. 2)Out of two primitive attine ants Myrmicocrypta ednaclla and Cyphomyrmex rimosus. the latter showed a unique behavior that they used the crop liquid for the substrates of fungus garden. 3)In two wasps Parachartergus smithii and P.fraternus. swarming females constructed the envelope at the most initial stage of foundation. unlike the swarm-founding polistines hitherto reported.The termite Masutitermes corniger often showed polygyny which were considered to derive from aduitoids.