Comparative Research on Teacher Education between Japan and the United States Life-long Continuing Education for Inservice Teachers

我们的研究小组与美国军队进行了合作，去年9月在美国圣地亚哥举行了一次研究研讨会（JUSTEC），由德山和莫里主持。研讨会的主题代表了当前教师教育研究的趋势，包括大学在教师专业发展中的作用，反思性教学作为初任教师教育的有效方法，多元文化教育和科学素养在教师教育学内容中的重要性，教师教育中的技术参与，以及日本教师招聘的最新趋势。决定由美国参与者总结教师教育的概况和最新趋势，德山进一步调查了美国学校和教师教育的应急管理和灾害准备现状，访问了位于华盛顿的FEMA总部和位于马里兰州埃米茨堡的国家培训中心概述风险管理系统，特别是学校的风险管理系统。讨论了在灾害发生时，管理系统的阶段转换，在灾害发生初期，应急指挥系统需要对风险、伤亡急救和人员疏散等防御措施做出及时有效的决策。另一方面，在持续的应对中，需要采取积极主动的、相当具有攻击性的行动，以减轻影响，并为恢复进行前瞻性规划。论述了坂神大地震中学校和教师的重要作用，以及校长决策的重要性。最后讨论了教育在减灾和备灾中的作用。

Our reaearch group progressed collaboratory work with the U.S.troop to have a research symposium (JUSTEC) in last September at San Diego under the reduction of A.Tokuyama and A.Mory.Topics of the consortium represent current trends in research of teacher education, including the role of university in professional development of teachers, reflective teaching as effective methos of education for beginning teachers, significance of multicultural education and science literacy in contents pedagogy of teachers, technology involvement in teacher education, and recent trends in teacher recruitment in Japan.It is decided that overview and recent trends in teacher education are sumarized by the U.S.Participants, and they are critically translated by our research group to bullish in Japanese.Tokuyama further investigated teh current status of the emergency management and disaster preparedness in school and teacher education in the U.S.He visited FEMA headquarters in Washington DC and National Training Center in Emmitsburg MD to have the overview of the system of risk managements with special reference to those of schools. It is discussed, how management system phases transfer in case of disaster occurrence, In the initial response the incident command system needs timely and effective decision making against the risk, defensive action such as first aids for injury, fatality and evacuation. On the other hand, in the sustained response, pro-active and rather offensive actions are needed for mitigation and forward planning to recovery. Significant roles of schools and teachers playd in case of the Hanshin Earthquake are argued, and significance of principal's decision making are discussed. Finally role of education in disaster mitigation and preparedness are discussed.