Teacher's Acquisition of Characteristics, Career Stage and Life-long Education System.

1992年，美国华盛顿大学、圣地亚哥州立大学、范德比尔特大学、俄亥俄州州立大学、哥伦比亚大学、南卡罗来纳州和美国教师教育学院协会对美国大学的在职教师教育进行了调查。因此，大多数教师在1980年之前通过非全日制系统获得硕士学位。威斯康星州大学的教育推广和欧克莱尔学区的个人服务计划得到了这些趋势的支持。另一方面，在日本，大学在在职教育中的作用很小，尽管个别教师作为教育委员会的咨询小组成员而贡献，教师包括教师组织对自己的专业发展负责。这些年来很少有教师攻读高级学位 关于我们 S.目前，美国的在职教育大多侧重于专业培训，而不是更广泛的主题或学科教育。教育发展体系最早是在20世纪20年代由哈佛教育研究生院提出的，当时的美国教育学家亨利·W.福尔摩斯是院长。他认为，教师的培训是一个非常重要的一部分，使国家，并认为一个更严重的概念的地方教师在生活中的国家是必要的。在本项目访问的大多数大学中，博士研究的主题与教师系统和/或学校教育管理有关。课程开发理论就是其中的一个特色领域。美国科学促进会于1989年发起了一个由大学教师和中小学教师组成的研究小组，经过深入讨论，提出了“面向全体美国人的科学”（Science for All American）的构想，一些科学教师试图在俄亥俄州州立大学博士课程中开发一种新的综合科学课程。通过这些研究，学校教育或Schulpadagogik已被确立为教育科学在实践领域的学科。最后，大学在教师在职教育中的作用是明确的，不同于学校董事会或教师中心在教育和/或培训领域。大学和教育委员会在支持教师持续专业发展方面的作用也有不同的需要。迫切需要建立一个完整的继续教育系统，使这两个机构的作用相互密切联系。少

Inservice Teacher Education of the U.S. universities were investigated in University of Washington, San Diego State University, Vanderbilt University, Ohio State University and in Columbia University of South Carolina and in the American Association for Colleges of Teacher Education in 1992.In the U.S. the system of continuing education corresponds to reward salary increments, administrative positions and recertification. Majority of teachers therefore, received Master's degree by part time system prior to 1980. Educational Outreach in the University of Wisconsin and Personal Inservice Plan of the Eau Clair School Districts supported by these trends. On the other hand, universities played little role for the inservice education in Japan, although individual faculty is contributed as a member of advisory group in educational boards, and teachers including teacher organizations took responsibility for their own professional development. In these years few teachers pursued advanced degree … More s. Most inservice programs focused on professional training rather than broader topics or disciplinary education in these days.Most U.S. universities has system of EdD beside the PhD. The system of EdD was first proposed in Harvard Graduate School of Education in 1920's, when Henry W. Holmes was dean. He argued that the training of teacher was a highly significant part of the making of the nation, and that a more serious conception of the place of the teacher in the life of the nation was necessary. In most universities visited by this project, topics of Doctoral researches are related to teacher's systems and/or administration of school education. One of the characteristic field is represented by curriculum development theory. Several science teachers attempted to develop a new curriculum of integrated science in Doctor Course of Ohio State University along with "Science for All American", which was proposed in 1989 after intensive discussion of research groups sponsored by American Association of Advancement of Science, consisting of faculties of universities as well as teachers of K-12 grades of schools. Through these researches the school education or Schulpadagogik has been established as a discipline of educational science in practical fields.Finally, role of university in inservice education of teachers are clarified to be different from that of school boards or teacher centers in the field of education and/or training. There are also different needs in role of university and educational boards to support the continued professional growth of teachers. It is urgently requested to establish a total system of continuing education in which roles of the two agencies are intimately articulated with each other. Less