Privatization of Socialist Enterprises in Eastern Europe

这个项目的目的是调查国有企业私有化的现状和问题，重点关注波兰和中国。主要研究结果如下：1.就1990年以来波兰私有化公司业绩的统计数据而言，很难证明波兰的私有化是成功的。2.也很难观察到来自以前的中央计划体制的扭曲结构的瓦解倾向。3.这一失败的原因可能是缺乏新成立的私营公司。主要原因是波兰缺乏资金和技术。此外，政治斗争导致了私有化的延迟实施。4.关于创造市场化参与者的方式，国有企业私有化并不是唯一的方式。另一种方式是让投资者成立一家新公司。中国采用了这种方式，引入了外资直接投资。这是中国经济高速增长的动力。5.然而，中国的国有企业改革无疑是迟缓的。他们不能关闭一个亏损企业，因为他们没有社会主义意识形态，害怕失业问题。6.要使中国的国有企业合理化，一方面要发展更多的非计划部门，扩大就业机会，另一方面要建立社会保险制度。7.从总体上说，东欧可以借鉴中国通过成立新的私营公司来创造市场主体的经验，中国可以从东欧国有企业私有化的经验中得到启示，特别是从清理低效企业的经验中得到启示。

The purpose of this project is to investigate current situation and problems of privatization of state-owned enterprises focusing our attention upon mainly Poland and China. The principal research finding are as follows.1.As far as the statistics on privatized companies' perfomance in Poland since 1990 are concerned, it is difficult to suggest the Polish privatization has been successful.2.It is also difficult to observe the dismantling tendency of a distorted structure coming from the former centrally planned system.3.This failure could be explained by lack of newly established private companies. The main reason is shortage of capital and technology in Poland. In addition to it, political battles led to late implementation of privatization.4.As regards way of a creating market-oriented actor, privatizing a state-owned company is not only one. Another way is to let investators to set up a new company. China adopts this way, introducing direct investments of foreign capitals. This is a driving force of Chinese high economic growth.5.However, the reform of state-owned enterprise in China is undoubtly delayd. They connot close a deficit-making enterprises because they are not free of socialist ideology and afraid of unemployment problem.6.In order to rationalize state-owned enterprises in China, it is necessary to develop more non-planned sector and to expand employment opportunities one hand, to establish social insurance system on the other hand.7.Genellaly speaking, East Europe could learn a lesson from the experience of Chinese way of creating a market-oriented actor through setting up a new private company, and China could get a suggestion from the experience of privatizing state-owned companies in East Europe, especially from the experience of liquidating inefficient companies.