Co-operative research on the development of the theory of mind (naive psychology) during childhood and later

第一组研究者的目标是考察心理理论及其理解的跨文化差异。其中，他们通过文献调查和问卷调查，研究了日本和印度的成人和儿童对自我的看法。有人认为，东方的自我概念既有相似之处，也有不同之处，由西方研究人员报告。第二组考察了学习科学心理学对心理理论发展的影响。本研究以大学生为对象，通过认知心理学的教学和教材，测试了认知心理学对心理理论的影响，并对认知心理学的研究成果进行了综述。他们的观点有时会转变为一个关于心灵作为一个积极的代理人的信息处理，通过承认普通人的能力，在日常生活中的情况和相关的发现。第三组研究心理理论与两个相邻理论之间的关系，即朴素生物学和朴素社会学。至于身心分化，研究发现，3岁的孩子通常认为心灵可以直接控制身体过程，而4岁及以上的孩子则理解身体过程的持续性。阿索发现，只有初中生和年龄较大的受试者才能接受个人自由和作为这种自由主体的思想的概念。基于这些发现，我们讨论了如何概念化心理理论或朴素心理学的发展，并确定了未来研究的一些主题。

The first group of investigators aimed at examining cross-cultural differences in the theory of mind and its understanding. Among othersthey studied, through a literature survey as well as questionnaires, notions of self held by Japanese and lndian lay adults and children. It was suggested that the Oriental notions of self have both similarities and dissimilarities to those reported by Western researchers. The second group investigated the effects of learning scientific psychology on the development of the theory of mind. College students were exposed to instruction in or textbooks of cognitive psychology, and tested how and how much their theory of mind was affected by it. What findings in cognitive psychology woul have impact was also reviewed. Their view sometimes shifted to the one regarding mind as an active agent of information processing, through the recognition of lay people's competence in daily life situations and related findings. The third group studied relationships between the theory of mind and two adjacent theories, namely, naive biology and naive sociology. As for the mindbody differentiation, it was found that whereas 3-year-old often believe that the mind could control bodily processes directly, 4-year-old and older childern understand the sutonomous nature of bodily processes. It was asso found that only junior high schoolers and older subjects prossess the notion of individual freedom and of the mind as the subject of such freedom. Based on these findings, we discussed how to conceptualize the development of the theory of mind or naive psychology, and identified a number of topics for future research.