Historical Background of Contemporary European Mystical Philosophies

我所说的当代欧洲神秘主义哲学主要是指海德格尔和列维纳斯。要理解这些哲学家思想的实质，就必须回到他们思想的源头。就海德格尔而言，起源是古希腊思想以及基督教神秘主义，而就列维昂而言，则是黑格尔的宗教思想。在此视野下，我的研究首先集中在苏格拉底这位欧洲神秘主义之父身上，并探讨了苏格拉底的Daimonion与海德格尔的Nichts之间的关系。海德格尔的“最后一个上帝”的“我”追溯到希伯来的超验上帝，人类永远看不到的上帝。在此之后，我转向列维纳斯，考察他的死亡和时间观，并与海德格尔的死亡和时间观进行比较。通过这种研究，我们可以清楚地看到，在列维纳斯那里，时间是通过痛苦、衰老和死亡降临到我们身上的力量或先验的上帝，而在海德格尔那里，时间是人类存在结构的表现。我的最后一章“上帝的超越和人类的责任”讨论了利未人的哲学和他的犹太教之间的关系。Levians的上帝不是一个客观存在（ens relaissimum等），而是一种非物的东西，它只能通过人的道德行为来表现出来。这个概念的上帝是完全符合犹太教说，信仰上帝是不是比其他的Thora（上帝的法律）遵守。剩下的问题是，在海德格尔的情况下，调查他与梅斯特埃克哈特的联系，而在列维安的情况下，澄清他对塔木德的债务。但总的来说，我的研究首先从两位思想家最重要的哲学观点的历史背景开始。

By contemporary european mystical philosophy I mean mainly Heidegger and Levinas. In order to understand the essence of these philosopher's thought, we must go back to the origin of their thought. In the case of Heidegger, the origin is ancient Greek thought as well as Christian mysticism, whereas in the case of Levians, that is the Hebraic religious thought. In this perspective, my research concentrated first at Socrates as the father of european mysticism, and investigated the relation between the Daimonion of Socrates and the Nichts of Heidegger. The I traced "the last God" of Heidegger to the Hebrew transcendental God who is never to be seen by humans. After that, I turned to Levinas and investigated his concept about death and time, comparing with those of Heidegger. By this investigation it became clear that in Levinas time was the power or transcendental God which fell upon us working through suffering, senitity and death, while in Hedegger it was Ausdruck der Deseinsstruktur (manifestation of exstential structure of humans). My last chapter God's Transcendence and Human Responsibility' treats the relation between Levians's Philosophy and his Judaism. Levians's God is not an objective being (ens relaissimum, etc.), but something which is not really a thing but manifests itself only through human ethical conducts. This concept of God is perfectly consistent with that of Judaism which says the faith in God to be not other than the observance of Thora (God's Law). The problems which are left, are in the case of Heidegger to investigate his connection with Meister Eckhart while in the case of Levians to clarify his indebtedness to Talmud. But generally speaking my research began firstly to trace the origin of both thinkers to their historical background in the most important philosophical points.