Higher nervous control of quadrupedal and bipedal locomotion in cats and monkeys.

对急性去大脑猫的四足运动控制(运动准备)，以及完整成年日本猕猴(Macaca FusCasta)的四足和两足运动的高级神经机制进行了研究。本研究的新的主要结果是：(1)发现了猫的小脑运动区；(2)建立了猴子模型，以进一步分析参与两足运动的高级神经机制。在去大脑的猫中，运动控制的最高神经系统是小脑和小脑核，如顶核。系统的电生理学研究表明，刺激沿小脑白质中线的选定区域能够在运动的跑步机表面引起四足运动。来自顶核的运动驱动信号被证实通过小脑顶网状纤维、网状脊髓纤维和脊髓中间神经元传递到最终的共同路径(脊髓运动神经元)。这一发现表明，与以前认为小脑参与运动适应控制相反，小脑通过激活顶核直接参与运动的启动和控制。在没有约束的完整猴子身上，可以要求它们在移动的跑步机表面上四足行走和两足行走。经过大约两年的日常训练和温和的斥责，年轻的猴子学会了根据我们的需要执行四足和两足行走的新策略。运动学分析表明，这些猴子的行走模式在许多方面与人类相似。利用已建立的猴子模型，有可能直接研究高级神经系统的运行方式，例如，与执行和控制四足和两足运动有关的皮质活动。

Attempts were made to study the higher nervous mechanisms involved in the control of quadrupedal locomotion in acute decerebrate cats (locomotor preparation), and quadrupedal and bipedal locomotion in intact, adult Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscasta). New major results of the present study are (1) discovery of the cerebellar locomotor region in cats, and (2) establishment of a monkey model for further analyzes of the higher nervous mechanisms involved in bipedal locomotion. In decerebrate cats, the highest nervous system for locomotor control is the cerebellum and the cerebellar nuclei such as the fastigial nucleus. Systematic electrophysiological studies demonstrated that stimulation of a selected region along the midline of the cerebellar white matter was capable of evoking quadrupedal locomotion on the surface of a moving treadmill. The locomotor driving signals originating from the fastigial nucleus were identified to be transmitted to the final common path (spinal motoneurons) via the fastigioreticular fibers, reticulospinal fibers, and spinal interneurons. This finding indicated that, in contrast to the previous notion that the cerebellum is involved in adapting control of locomotion, the cerebellum was directly involved in the initiation and control of locomotion by activating the fastigial nucleus. In intact monkeys without restraint, it was possible to require them to walk quadrupedally and bipedally on the surface of a moving treadmill. With daily training and gentle reprimand for about 2 years, young monkeys learned a new strategy for executing quadrupedal and bipedal locomotion depending on our requirements. kinematic analyzes showed that walking pattern of these monkeys resembled in many respects to that of the man. Using established monkey models, it became possible to study directly operating manner of the higher nervous system, for example, cortical activities, in relation to execution and control of quadrupedal and bipedal locomotion.