Studies on Water Vapor, Aerosol and Snow Crystals in Arctic

WANTS-北极：瑞典实验(1997/1998)于1997年12月14日至1998年1月20日在瑞典基律纳的瑞典空间物理研究所进行。建立了X波段垂直指向多普勒雷达、激光测深仪、微波辐射计、火流计、气溶胶采样仪和中卫站。使用偏光显微镜和复制品溶液方法在地面上也观察到了雪晶。观测期间，总体来说，斯堪的纳维亚地区的这个冬季是一个比较温暖的季节。十二月天气温暖及风平浪静，而一月则寒冷及有暴风雨。一月中旬，我们下了几场暴风雪。因此，我们可以观察到各种类型的雪晶。例如，有一场受山脉影响的微弱而稳定的降雪，以及一场具有深刻雷达回波的大雪，当时一个低压系统正从挪威海逼近。在整个观测过程中，雷达系统收集了600多个小时的数据，利用微波辐射计查明，在晴朗天气、降雪和下落的粒子期间，垂直积分的水汽含量分别为0.4、0.7和1.0厘米。流态含水率分别为0.01 cm和0.04 cm，分别为带状晶体和砾石颗粒的下落。它们的值在很大程度上取决于扰动的类型。使用偏振显微镜拍摄的显微照片超过3000帧，500个玻片玻璃被用来收集雪晶。这些数据现在正在进行积极的分析。

The WANTS-ARCTIC : Sweden Experiments (1997/1998) were carried out from December 14,1997 to January 20,1998 at the Swedish Space Physics Institute, Kiruna, Sweden. An X-band vertical pointing Doppler radar, Laser ceilometer, Microwave radiometer, Pyranometer, Aerosol sampling and Mesonet station were set up at the institute. Snow crystals were also observed using a polarization microscpoe and a replica solution method on the ground surface. During the obsevation period, as a whole, it was a relatively warm in this winter season in Scandinavia area. It was warm and calm in December and cold and stormy in January. We had a couple of snow storms in the middle of January. We could, therefore observe various types of snow crystals. For instance, there were a weak and steady snowfall which was effected by mountains and a heavy snowfall with deep radar echoes when a low pressure system was approaching from the Norwegian Sea. Throughout the observation, the radar system collected the data more than 600 hours.It was clarified using the microwave radiometer that the water vapor contents integrated vertically were 0.4,0.7 and 1.0cm in the fair weather, during snowfalls and falling graupel particles, respectively. And, the liguid water contents recorded 0.01 and 0.04cm in the falling of rimed crystals and graupel particles, respectively. Their values changed largely depending on the types of disturbances.Microphotographs using a polarization microscope were taken more than 3000 frames and 500 slide glasses were used to collecting snow crystals. These data were analyzing energetically now.