Molecular mechanism of force generation in muscle fibers

自从笼状ATP和笼状钙离子的引入，脱膜肌纤维已成为阐明肌肉收缩分子机制的重要材料。Yamada研究了一种新的荧光信号，来自使用荧光核苷酸类似物标记的肌纤维。Sugi研究了化学机械能转换的效率，并展示了效率是如何由肌肉应该工作的负荷决定的。平冢开发了一种新的荧光ATP类似物，可用于研究化学机械能转换。阿拉塔自旋标记了肌纤维中肌球蛋白头的基部，并表明它们即使在收缩期间也是随机取向的。霍塔产生了几个有用的果蝇飞行肌肉的突变体，其中肌动蛋白分子发生了突变。T.Wakabayashi使用低温电子显微镜，Katayama使用电子显微镜的快速冷冻深蚀刻复制品图像直接观察力产生的横桥。Ishiwata利用光镊研究了单马达分子的滑动机制。K.Wakabayashi，Yagi和Umazalo研究了收缩肌纤维的时间分辨X射线衍射。Yanagida能够直接观察单个肌球蛋白分子结合和切割ATP分子并产生力。Iino和Kurebayashi研究了与兴奋-收缩偶联相关的ryanodine受体亚型。Ohtsuki研究了肌钙蛋白T与收缩系统钙调节机制相关的作用。多和田和儿玉工作的理论，以及japerical方法的问题。

Since the introduction of caged ATP and caged calcium demembranated skinned muscle fibers have become more important preparation for elucidating the molecular mechanism of muscle contraction. Yamada studied a novel fluorescence signal from muscle fibers labeled by using a fluorescent nucleotide analog. Sugi studied the efficiency of chemo-mechanical energy conversion and showed how the efficiency was determined due to the load against which muscle should work. Hiratsuka developed a new fluorescent ATP analogue useful for studying the chemo-mechanical energy conversion. Arata spin-labeled the base part of the myosin head in muscle fibers and showed that they were randomly oriented even during contraction. Hotta produced several useful mutants of Drosophila flight muscles in which actin molecules were mutated. T.Wakabayashi used cryo electron microscopy and Katayama used quick-freeze deep-etch replica images by electron microscopy to directly observe force-generating crossbridges. Ishiwata studied the mechanism of sliding of single motor molecules by using optical tweezers. K.Wakabayashi, Yagi and Umazume studied time-resolved X-ray diffraction of contracting muscle fibers. Yanagida was able to directly observe single myosin molecules to bind and cleave ATP molecules and to produce force. Iino and Kurebayashi studied subtypes of ryanodine receptors in relation to the excitation-contraction coupling. Ohtsuki studied the role playd by troponin T associated with the mechanism of calcium regulation of the contractile system. Tawada and Kodama worked on theoretical as well as thermodynamical approach to the problem.