Development of new color flower by control of coloring mechanism invention of blue rose

自古以来，人类就对花的颜色产生了浓厚的兴趣。世界上的主要花卉，如玫瑰、郁金香、菊花和康乃馨，从来没有蓝色。许多育种者挑战要生产它们，但努力都是徒劳的。我们提供了蓝色花发育的化学证据。原花青素是一种金属络合物花青素，由6个琥珀酰花青素、1个花青素、6个丙二醛黄酮、Fe^<3+>和Mg^<2+>组成。结果表明，金属花青素的蓝色形成机制是由LMCT （Legand-to-Metal-Charge-Transfer）引起的，金属花青素的结构与Commelina communis的色素commelin非常相似。对蓝色花、鼠尾草和红毛草的研究表明，金属络合是蓝色花的常见着色方式。绣球花的颜色从红色到紫色再到蓝色。利用该植物萼片中存在的成分、飞鸽苷3-葡萄糖苷、异绿原素、更多的ic酸、绿原酸和Al^<3+>进行了重建实验。花青素、异绿原酸和Al^<3+>在pH 4.0时呈现蓝色，在pH < 3.0时呈现红色。牵牛花三色天蓝的花瓣颜色，从蓓蕾时的紫红色，到开花时的天蓝色，再到命运时，颜色又回到了最初的颜色。然而，天蓝花青素（HBA）在开花过程中没有变化。采用质子选择微电极法测定了花瓣活细胞的pH值。开花期间，由于液泡pH值从6.6增加到7.7，花瓣颜色由红色变为蓝色。根据蓝色显色的化学证据，制备了矮牵牛花中飞鸽苷类黄酮3′，5′羟化酶基因cDNA，并将其成功转导到香石竹中，获得了紫色花新品种“月尘”。并从龙胆中克隆了芳香酰基转羧酶到糖OH紫（AT）的cDNA，并对其特性进行了研究。少

From ancient times human have been strongly interested in flower colors. World main flowers, such as rose, tulips, chrysanthemum, and carnation have never blue colors. Many breeders challenged to produce them, but the efforts were fruitless.We provided the chemical evidences for blue flower color developments. Protocyanin, a blue pigment from Centaurea cyanus, was a metal-complex anthocyanin, composed with six succinylcyanin, an anthocyanin, six malonylflavones, Fe^<3+> and Mg^<2+>. The blue color mechanism was clarified to be arising from a Legand-to-Metal-Charge-Transfer (LMCT), and the structure of the metalloanthocyanin was very similar to that of commelinin, a pigment from Commelina communis. Rearching of blue flowers, Salvia Uliginosa and Nemophila menziesii indicated that metal-complexation is a common for blue flower coloring. Flower color of Hydrangea hybrida changes red through purple to blue. Reconstruction experimemts from the components, delphinidin 3-glucoside, isochlogen … More ic acid, chlogenic acid, and Al^<3+>existing in sepals of the plant were carried out. Blue color was realized by the anthocyanin, isochlogenic acid and Al^<3+> at pH 4.0, while red was at less pH3.0.Petal color of morning glory, Ipomoea tricolor cv Heavenly blue changes from purple red at bud to sky blue at opening flower, and then the color returns to the first at the fate. However, the pigment, Heavenly Blue Anthocyanin (HBA), does not change during blooming process. By using proton-selective-microeloctrode the pH of living cell of the petal was measured. The flower changes its petal color from red to blue during blooming, because of vacuolar pH increasing from 6.6 to 7.7.On the basis of chemical evidences for blue coloring, cDNA,flavonoid 3', 5' hydroxylase gene toward delphinidin from Petunia was prepared and it was transducted to carnation successfully to produce a new purple color flower, Moondust. And also cDNA for transacylase of aromatic acyl group to sugar OH purple (AT) was cloned from Gentiana makioi, and the charactaristic was studied. Less