Research on Universalization of Elementary Education as an Alternative to Compulsory Schooling : Case of India

印度的大众教育殖民政策始于19世纪中叶，因为大众教育被认为是维持殖民社会稳定的有效手段。相比之下，国民教育运动坚持义务教育。随着印度国民逐渐掌权，几个邦都制定了义务教育法。印度独立后，义务教育成为印度最重要的教育政策之一。然而，到了1960年，S的政策出现了从义务教育向普及教育的转变。20世纪70年代末，以非全日制基地形式提供基础教育的S非正规教育中心相继成立。该方案允许童工。人们认为，目前普及基础教育的方案基于以下原则：(A)不仅政府和国家，而且国际组织和非政府组织也在普及初级教育方面发挥重要作用；(B)应扩大免费教育的概念，以激发人们接受初级教育的积极性。(C)不应以年龄而是以受教育程度来证明完成基础教育。(D)教育发展应被视为社会发展的一个重要核心。(E)参与教育发展的自由和权力下放是普及初级教育的基本因素。

The colonial policy of spreading of education to the masses in India started in the middle of 19 century, for mass education was considerd effective in keeping colonial society stabel. By contrast, National Education Movement insisted on compulsory education. As Indian nationals were gradualy getting power, Compulsory Education Laws were legislated in several States.After Independence, compulsory education had been one of the most important education policy. In 1960's, however, there were a shift in policy from compulsory schooling to universal schooling. In the late of 1970's Nonformal Education Centers, which gave elementary education in part-time bases, was introduced. This program allows child labor.It is considered that Present programms for universalization of elementary education are based on following principles ;(a) Not only Government and States but also International Organization and NGOs are playing important role in universalization of elemantary education(b) Concept of free education should be expanded to stimulate incentives of people to elemantary education.(c) Completion of elementary education should be certified not by age but by educational attainment.(d) Educational development should be considered an important core of social development.(e) Freedom of participation to educational development and decentralization are basic factors of universalization of elemantary education.