The Historical Research of Families in the Modern British Gentlemen's Societies.

这项研究重新思考了家庭和婚姻在18世纪英国的重要性，特别是在苏格兰。在18世纪，低地教区的女性平均在25岁左右结婚，就像西北欧的大多数女性一样。在传统的苏格兰社会，已婚妇女沿用父亲的姓氏。然而，在中产阶级中，采用丈夫姓氏的习俗始于17世纪末，到18世纪末成为常态。向上流动确实发生了，但这可能并不像有时所建议的那样容易。16世纪和17世纪高地的部族间婚姻是由家庭而不是由有关个人安排的。许多氏族不仅因为血缘关系而团结在一起，而且因为共同的利益而团结在一起，而且通过与低地居民结婚而获得的好处大大超过了对内婚制婚姻的偏好。这个氏族一直是Virtu…更多的盟友被商业化摧毁，在18世纪上半叶，拦截者的传统角色越来越受到威胁。与英格兰的联盟通过将贵族的野心转移到伦敦，完成了贵族的崛起。贵族们从苏格兰迁来，把有效的权力留给了拥有中等规模庄园的贵族。在工业革命之前的苏格兰，私生性很低，主要是因为社会控制系统很强大。这些数字低于英国教区的数字。-e不应假定土著婚姻法建立在尊重恋人的传统基础上，或曾导致年轻人中的自由主义倾向。反抗教会纪律是可能的，但令人震惊的是，除了西南部，很少有人这样做。有趣的是，西南部是圣约情绪的根据地，也是唯一抵制农业改善的地区，竟然抵制教会的性纪律。较少

This Research reconsidered the significance of family and marriage in the eighteenth century Britain, especially in Scotland.During the eighteenth century, women of Lowland parishes married on average in their mid-20s, like most women in north-western Europe. In traditional Scottish society, the married women retained her father's surname. Among the middle classes, however, the convention of adopting the husband's surname began in the late seventeenth century and became the norm by the later eighteenth. Upward mobility did occur but it may have been less easy than has sometimes been suggested.Inter-clan marriages in the Highlands during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were arranged by families rather than by the individuals concerned. Many clans were united not just by kinship but by common interests and the preference for endogamous marriage was heavily outweighed by the advantages to be gained by making alliances through marriage with Lowland dwellers. The clan had been virtu … More ally destroyed by commercialisation, During the first half of the eighteenth century, the traditional role of the tacksman came increasingly under threat.The Union with England completed the rise of the lairds by turning the ambitions of the aristocracy to London. The aristocrats moved from Scotland and left effective power there to the lairds who were owners of moderate sized estates.In Scotland before the Industrial Revolution, illegitimacy was low primarily because the system of social control was strong. These figures are lower than those of English parishes. -e should not assume that the native marriage law rested upon a tradition of respect for lovers or had ever led to libertarian tendencies among the young. It was possible to rebel against Church discipline, but the striking thing is that, except in the south-west, few did so. It is interesting that the south-west, the base area of Covenanting sentiment and the only area of resistance to agricultural improvement, should have resisted the sexual discipline of the Church. Less