The role of interspecific interactions in morphological evolution and community organization in insects

异地物种形成后，种间通过杂交和二次接触时的资源竞争相互作用，将影响它们的分布范围和与生殖隔离和生态位分离相关的性状的进化。通过重复异地物种形成和二次接触，将实现多个密切相关物种的共存。亲缘关系密切的物种群落在形态分化上表现出多种模式，这可能与合子前生殖隔离和/或资源划分有关。我们分析了两个近缘关系密切的同翅亚属(Carabus)步甲的杂交案例。首先，在南方锦鸡儿和日本凤头锦鸡儿之间，通过中间狭窄的杂交带，维持了近邻分布。我们发现，雄性在交配前不能区分异种雌性，种间交配经常导致雌性死亡和…断裂更多的是男性生殖器，因为生殖器形态差异很大。产生的F1代在亲本之间表现出中等的生殖器形态。其次，研究了一个假想的杂交种群(拟海岛华支睾吸虫)，可能的亲本种群为海岛华支睾吸虫和中村华支睾吸虫。同样，在交配之前，亲本物种不能区分异种。F_1代成虫的形态特征与推测的杂交种相似。进一步的饲养应该证实F1甲虫是可育的，可以保持杂交血统。对mtDNA基因序列的初步分析表明，上述群体之间存在基因流动。这些结果表明，导致共域的、分离良好的物种的进化过程涉及不同性质的二次接触，使得与合子前生殖隔离相关的两个物种在形态上的初始分歧足够大，足以阻止它们的性竞争和可育杂种的形成。较少

After allopatric speciations, interspecific interactions through hybridization and resource competition during secondary contacts will affect their distribution ranges and evolution of traits which are related with reproductive isolation and niche segregation. Coexistence of multiple closely related species will be achieved through repeated allopatric speciation and secondary contacts. Communities of closely related species show several patterns in morphological differentiation which is possibly correlated with prezygotic reproductive isolation and/or resource partitioning. We analyzed two cases of hybridizations between closely related carabid beetles of the subgenus Ohomopterus (genus Carabus). First, between Carabus maiyasanus and C.iwawakianus, parapatric distribution has been maintained with an intervening narrow hybrid zone. We found that males cannot discriminate heterospecific females before copulation, and interspecific copulation often resulted in death of females and breaks … More of male genitalia because of the great difference in genitalic morphologies. F1 hybrids emerged showed intermediate genitalic morphologies between parental species. Second, a supposed hybrid population (C.insulicola pseudinsulicola) was studied, with probable parent populations of C.insulicola insulicola and C.arrowianus nakamurai. Again, the parent species could not discriminate heterospecifics before copulation. F1 hybrids were raised to adults which showed a morphology similar to the supposed hybrid species. Further rearing should confirm F1 beetles are fertile and can maintain a hybrid lineage. A preliminary analysis of mtDNA gene sequences indicated gene flows among the above populations. These results suggested that the evolutionary process leading to sympatric, well-segregated species involves different qualities of secondary contacts, such that initial divergence of two species in morphologies which are related with prezygotic reproductive isolation is sufficiently large enough to prevent their sexual competition and formation of fertile hybrids. Less