A STUDY ON APPLIED NETWORK EQUILIBRIUM MODELS

到目前为止，已经提出了许多模型来确定最优的运输系统运营或战略计划，其中考虑到供应商和用户的行为。这些问题具有分层决策过程的共同结构：单个决策单元可能代表运输服务的供应商或控制机构，试图做出关于运输系统的最优决策，这可能会限制该运输系统的用户的可行约束集，并影响用户的行为或需求。在代数上，上面提到的决策问题通常被描述为双层规划问题或Stackelberg问题。我们把这样一个广义的运输问题称为应用网络均衡分析，因为它总是承认下层问题由运输网络中的用户均衡模型组成.主要研究结果概括如下：（1）从经验模型可以看出，在运输网络中的用户均衡模型是一个应用网络均衡分析，而在运输网络中的用户均衡模型是一个应用网络均衡分析. ...更多信息 日本铁路和公共汽车行业成本结构的实证分析公共交通系统存在规模经济。这可能会使拉姆齐定价规则用于确定新引入的公共交通系统的价格和补贴的决定。(2)传统的Ramsey规则的应用是不现实的和不足的，因为网络拥塞对定价的影响被忽略了。(3)这一规则非常简单，但在某些情况下，当运输系统供应商的固定成本负担非常高时，可能会提供令人望而却步的价格。政府补贴对于降低交通运输价格、实现福利最大化具有重要意义。(4)如果考虑网络阻塞效应，Ramsey价格均衡模型可以表述为Stackelberg的领导者-追随者问题。对于这类问题，约束变分不等式问题的非线性灵敏度分析是有效的。(5)对于求解双层规划问题，Nash均衡和Stackelbereg均衡的概念都是适用的，但基于Stackelbereg均衡的算法比Nash算法的计算效率高。少

Many models have been proposed so far to determine optimal transportation systems operations or strategic plans which take into account both supplier and user behavior. These problems have the common structure of a hierarchical decision-making process : A single decision-making unit which may represent a supplier of transportation services or controlling agency tries to make optimal decisions with respect to the transportation system, which may restrict the feasible constraints set for user of that transportation system and influence user behavior or demands. Algebraically, the decision making problem mentioned above is typically described as bilevel programming problem or Stackelberg problem. We call such a generalized transportation problem an applied network equilibrium analysis in a sense that it always recognizes that the lower problem consists of user equilibrium models in transportation networks.The main research results are summarized as follows :(1) It is evident from the empi … More rical analysis of cost structure for railway and bus industries in Japan that scale economy exists in mass transportation systems. This might make the Ramsey pricing rule useful for determining prices for newly introducing mass transportation systems and the determination of subsidy for them.(2) The applications of the conventional Ramsey rule is unrealistic and insufficient in that network congestion effects on pricing have been neglected.(3) That rule is very simple, but, possible to provide prohibitive prices in some cases when fixed costs burden for transit system providers are very high. The govemment subsidy is of importance to lower prices of transportation and achieve welfare maximization.(4) If network congestion effects are taken into account, Ramsey price equilibrium model can be formulated as a Stackelberg's leader-follower problem. For this problem, the nonlinear sensitivity analysis for the restricted variational inequality problem is effective.(5) In order to solve a bilevel programming problem, both of Nash equilibrium and Stackelbereg equilibrium concepts are available, however, the algorithm based on Stackelbereg equilibrium gives an efficient computation procedure than that of Nash. Less