Labor Migration of Highlanders of Northern Thailand : Research on the Mien-Yao's Labor Migration and Its Social Influences

为了了解泰国北部瑶族劳动力迁移的总体趋势，我们对泰国北部76个瑶族村的村长进行了问卷调查，约占第一阶段研究期间泰国瑶族村总数的一半。我们收集了各村的人口、农业等职业、教育、交通等基本情况和劳动力转移情况等数据。结果，我们发现劳动力迁移的条件存在地区差异，如工作岗位、目的地等。至于海外劳动力转移，在省一级和区一级的许多地区差异很大。我们发现，海外移民案例集中在法姚省清康区和蓬区周围地区以及清莱省北部地区。另一方面，在Nan P…，典型的海外劳动力迁移案例很少在第二阶段的调研中，我们从调查的76个村庄中选择了12个村庄。这12个村被分为三类：(1)海外和内陆劳动力流动较多的村庄；(2)内陆劳动力流动较多的村庄；(3)劳动力流动相对较少的村庄。我们对12个村的外出务工人员和返乡人员进行了入户调查和访谈。补充调查是在研究的第三阶段进行的。自1990年以来，劳动力迁移作为一个整体有了很大的增长。它的主要推动因素是山区环境变化和政府禁伐政策导致的禁耕，主要拉动因素是东亚和东南亚的经济繁荣(生态和经济因素)。农业的变化增加了种植业调查的必要性，核心家庭的增加也是移民的促进因素。另一个因素是他们在仪式和世界观中表现出的等级取向和向上的倾向。这种趋势转变为建造新房和建造果园的竞争。在一些地区，可以应用于新职业的传统技术也加快了内陆移民的速度。教育是劳动力向内地转移的重要加速因素。在海外劳动力迁移方面，区域信息网络起到了促进作用，劳动力迁移的影响表现在教育投入的增加、女性地位的提高、村内声望竞争的增加、族际通婚案件的增加等现象上。较少

To understand an overall trend of the labor migration of the Mien-Yao (Yao) in Northern Thailand, we conducted the questionnaire investigation to the village headmen in 76 Yao villages, about half the number of all Yao villages in Thailand at the first phase of the research. We collected data concerning the general conditions such as population, agriculture and other occupations, education, traffic and others, and the situation of labor migration of each village. As a result, we found that there were regional differences in the conditions of labor migration such as jobs, destinations and others. As for overseas labor migration, a lot of regional differences at the province-level and the district-level are large. We found that cases of overseas migration were concentrated in a region around Chiang Kham and Pong districts of Phayao Province and a region of northern part of Chiang Rai Province. On the other hand, there were characteristically few cases of overseas labor migration in Nan P … More rovince.At the second phase of research, we selected twelve villages from among the 76 villages investigated. The twelve villages were classified into three categories ; (1) villages with many overseas and inland labor migrants, (2) villages with many inland labor migrants and (3) villages with relatively few labor migrants. We carried out the household-survey and the interviewing with persons who have worked outside the village and returned in the twelve villages. The complementary investigation was conducted at the third phase of research.The labor migration as a whole has been much increased since 1990. Its main push-factor was the slump of swidden cultivation caused by the environmental change in the hills and by the logging ban policy of the government, and its main pull-factor was the economic boom in East and Southeast Asia (ecological and economic factors). The agricultural change increased the necessity of investigation in cultivation and the increase of nuclear family also acted as a promoting factor of migration. Another factor was their grading-oriented tendency and upward intention that were observed in their ritual and world-view. The tendency was transformed into the competition in building new houses and making fruit orchards. In some region, traditional technique that could be applied in a new occupation also accelerated the inland migration. Education was a large accelerating factor of the inland labor migration. As for the overseas labor migration, the regional information network acts as a promoting factor.The influences of the labor migration were observed in phenomena such as the increase of educational investment, the improvement of female status, the increase of competition in prestige within a village, and the increase of cases of inter-ethnic marriages. Less