Neural control of heartbeat in onychophoran species

甲鱼的中枢神经系统由大的双叶脑神经节、一对环食管连接、口连接和广泛分离的成对腹侧神经索组成。利用光镜免疫细胞化学技术，我们已经定位了一株kanangrensis的FMRFamide和5 -羟色胺样免疫反应性。在中枢神经系统可见fmrfamilide样免疫反应神经元细胞体。免疫反应性细胞体弥漫性分布于食道和肠道。在脑神经节触角神经基底部有一对聚集fmrfamily样免疫反应性肾小球。视网膜、视神经节和视束表现免疫反应性。在心脏神经、消化道神经、输卵管神经、尾足神经和肌体神经中观察到免疫反应性神经过程。在整个中枢神经结构的细胞体和神经元前体中观察到血清素样免疫反应。位于神经节触角神经基底部的触角肾小球表现出5 -羟色胺样免疫反应性和fmrfamily样免疫反应性。视神经束表现出免疫反应性，而视网膜和视神经节没有。前肠、中肠和后肠的肠壁含有免疫反应细胞。在多种周围神经中也观察到免疫反应性。这些是成对的背神经，成对的心脏神经，唾液腺，前肠，中肠，后肠，输卵管和环形，横向和纵向的身体肌肉。背神经的5 -羟色胺样免疫反应性明显强于fmrfamilide样免疫反应性。在肾和肾小囊中观察到血清素样免疫反应性神经过程。结果表明，Onychophora是已证实存在fmrfamilide样肽的系统发育类群之一。血清素可作为运动神经和感觉神经的神经递质。少

The central nervous system of Onychophora consists of the large bilobed cerebral ganglion, a pair of circumoesophageal connectives, the stomodeal connective and widely separated paired ventral nerve cords. We have localized FMRFamide- and serotonin-like immunoreactivity in an onychophoran Euperipatoides kanangrensis by means of light microscopic immunocytochemical techniques.1. FMRFamide-like immunoreactive neuronal cell bodies were observed in the central nervous system. The immunoreactive cell bodies were located diffused in the oesophagus and the gut. There were a pair of regions with clustered FMRFamide-like immunoreactive glomeruli at basal parts of the antennal nerves in the cerebral ganglion. The retina, optic ganglia and optic tracts showed immunoreactivity. Immurioreactive neural processes were observed in the nerves to the heart, the alimentary duct, the oviduct, the oncopodia and the body muscles.2. Serotonin-like immunoreactivity was observed in cell bodies and neuronal pro … More cesses throughout the central nervous structures. The anntenal glomeruli located at basal parts of the antennal nerves in the cerebral ganglion showed Serotonin-like immunoreactivity, as well as FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity. The optic tract showed immunoreactivity, but the retina and optic ganglia did not. The foregut, midgut and hindgut contain immunoreactive cells in their walls. Immunoreactivity was also observed in a variety of peripheral nerves. Those are the unpaired dorsal nerve, paired nerves to the heart, salivary gland, foregut, midgut, hindgut, oviduct and circular, transverse and longitudinal body muscles. The dorsal nerve showed much intenser serotonin-like immunoreactivity than FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity. Serotonin-like immunoreactive neural processes were observed in the nephridium and sacculus located in the oncopodium.The results indicates that Onychophora is one of the phylogenetic taxa in which the presence of FMRFamide-like peptides have been proved. Serotonin may be used as a neurotransmitter for both motor and sensory nerves. Less