Cognitive and Motivational Processes Underlying the Formation of Social Stereotypes.

通过实验研究揭示了社会陈规定型观念形成和维持的心理过程。该项目包括以下四项研究：(1)第一组研究考察了社会分配观念作为定型观念基础的作用。一系列实验测试了基于样本和基于抽象的模型，这些模型是关于类别成员之间的可变性感知是如何构建的。本研究还揭示了“组内投射”在估计组内和组外成员共识上的倾向。(2)项目二考察了因果推理对刻板印象判断的影响。本研究揭示了基于类别的因果归因被激活来解释刻板印象一致和不一致行为的条件(例如，用目标人物的性别来解释性别角色一致和不一致行为)。(3)刻板印象受害者的反应通过一项研究来检验，其中广告描绘了被调查者的刻板印象特征。研究结果表明，刻板印象广告的评价是正面的还是负面的，取决于被广告激活的受害者的社会认同类型(正面还是负面)。(4)在第四组研究中，刻板印象被概念化为感知到的类别成员和特质之间的一致性。在此模型的基础上，探索了减少刻板印象的方法。

Experimental investigations were conducted to reveal psychological processes underlying the formation and maintenance of social stereotypes. The project consisted of the following four studies.(1) The first set of studies examined the role of the perception of social distributions as a basis for stereotyping. A series of experiments tested the exemplar-based and abstraction-based models regarding how the perception of variability among category members is constructed. The study also revealed the tendency of "in-group projection" in estimating the consensys among in-group and out-group members.(2) The second project investigated the influence of causal inferences on stereotypic judgments. The study revealed conditions under which categro-based causal sttributions are activated to explain stereotype-consistent and inconsistent behaviors (e.g., explaining gender-role consistent and inconsistent acts by the gender of the target person).(3) Reactions of the victims of stereotyping were examined by a study in which advertisements depicting stereotypic characteristics of the respondents' in group. The results showed that whether the stereotypic ads were evaluated positively or negatively depended on the kind of social identity (positive versus negative) of the victims activated by the ads.(4) In the forth set of studies, stereotypes were conceptualized as perceived convariation between category membership and traits. Based on this model, ways to reduce stereotypic indgments were explored.