A Study of Double Chambered Kilns in the Near East-Their Origin and Socio-economic rolls

本研究包括考古资料收集、民族考古资料收集和语言学调查三个重要部分。根据现有的考古资料，陶器窑最早以坑窑的形式出现在公元前6世纪初。此后，双室窑在公元前6世纪中期出现。双室窑出现的最可能的原因可以认为是哈拉夫时期出现了彩陶等商业生产。除双室窑外，还采用坑窑和单室窑生产国内陶器。根据我对现代叙利亚陶器生产的民族考古研究的详细结果，我试图计算史前陶器窑的生产力。这项研究表明，如此多的陶器，至少有数百件，在史前的陶窑中同时被烧制。我们可以假设史前的窑炉具有相当高的生产力。一些古老的历史文献，如中世纪Yaqout al-Hamouye的Mjlam al-Bldan，展示了历史上的陶器生产。他们指出，由风化的石灰石粘土制成的红色陶器是在叙利亚西北部，特别是在阿尔马纳兹地区生产的，一些由幼发拉底河洪水粘土制成的白色陶器是在美索不达米亚北部生产的。这种差异也可以从史前陶器的制作中看到。双室窑的发展对应着工艺专业化的出现，根据我的研究成果，我们可以从这种角度重构人类历史的发展。

This study consists of three important parts, i.e.Collection of archaeological materials, Ethnoarchaeological data, and philological survey.1.Based on the available archaeological data, the pottery kilns first appeared as pit kilns in the early 6th millennium B.C.Thereafter, the double chambered kilns were established in the middle of 6th millennium B.C.The most probable reason why the double chambered kilns appeared can be recognized as the emergence of commercial production such as painted pottery in the Halaf period. Besides double chambered kilns, pit kilns and single chambered kilns were also used for making the domestic pottery.2.Based on the detailed results of my ethnoarchaeological study of modern Syrian pottery production, I try to calculate the productivity of prehistoric pottery kilns. This study indicates that so many, at least some hundreds, pottery had been fired in the prehistoric pottery kiln at the same time. We can suppose that prehistoric kilns had the quite high productivity.3.Some old historical documents, such as Mjlam al-Bldan by Yaqout al-Hamouye in the Medieval Age, show the historical pottery production. They pointed out that the red pottery made of weathered lime-stone clay had been produced in the northwestern Syria, especially in Armanaze area, and some white pottery made of flood clay of the Euphrates had been made in the northern Mesopotamia. This difference can also be seen in the prehistoric pottery production.The development of double chambered pottery kilns corresponds to the emergence of craft specialization, and we can reconstruct the development of human history from this kind of view based on my study results.