Comparative Legal Culture Research on the History of Constitutionalism : Sovereignty and Ownership in Russia and the West

俄罗斯帝国成文法的主要部分被制定为《俄罗斯帝国法》。19世纪上半叶的密码（svod）。尽管法典中的术语在很大程度上借鉴了法国和德国的法律，但其概念结构是不同的。这一事实在所有制制度的多元化体系（法典中“国家所有制”制度，也就是后来在社会主义制度下发展起来的准公法制度，以及“私人”和许多其他所有制制度的共存）和君主权威的专制和不受限制的特征中得到了清楚的揭示。这部成文法的逻辑结构与西欧特有的所有权概念（“la garantie des droits”）和政治权力概念（“Ia se’paration des pouvoirs”）在本质上不同，因此在法国人权宣言第16条中理想地组合表达，在某种程度上，它没有能力发展……更多的概念（它具有大卫所说的“行政法”的结构）。这种发展被“鞑靼人的枷锁”压制了两个半世纪，就像俄罗斯法律外部的非西方特征一样，比如拉丁教会的大炮法传统和南欧古典反平等的遗产，尤其是罗马法的遗产。社会主义法律是在俄罗斯传统法律的谱系中制定的。然而，问题不仅在于成文法中的法律秩序结构具有“行政”特征。农民占俄罗斯帝国人口的90%以上，他们生活在公社习俗下，这种习俗具有强制性（根据韦伯先生的术语“leiturgisch”）组织和地方贵族自私（“无限”）管辖权的特征，这一点从1861年农民解放时同时设立的农民法院的现实中可以看出来。这些公共习俗通常被俄罗斯学者和西方学者称为“习惯法”或“大众法”，但正如对农民法院工作实际情况的调查所显示的那样，实际上它并没有超出非法律和非积极类型的情境伦理的规范(在这种情况下，它对应于**（清理），即。中国传统法律中的“人的理智”)。换句话说，作为“行政法”的成文法与帝国社会中发现的法律“真空”（法律之外的秩序）共存。比较法学学者普遍认为，苏联法以及后来的俄罗斯法属于大陆法系，这只是俄罗斯社会秩序中所暗示的事态的一个方面。如今，我们显然不能再把仅仅被视为“社会主义法律”的苏联法律视为资本主义法律（“西方现代法律”）的废除形式。此外，从上述角度来看，俄罗斯法律的现状也表明需要对现有法律制度的理论框架进行重大反思。少

The major portion of written law in Imperial Russia was formulated as The Russian Imperial Law. Code (svod)' in the first half of the 19th Century. Although the terminology in the legal codeborrowed largely from French and German law, its conceptual structure was different. This fact is clearly revealed in the pluralistic system of owner ship institutions (in the code the institution of 'state ownership', so to say quasi-public law institution which grew fat later under the socialist system, and the 'private' and many other ownership institutions came to coexist) and the autocratic and unlimited' character of the monarch's authority. The logical structure of this written law is qualitatively different to the peculiarly Western European concept ofownership('la garantie des droits') and political power ('Ia se'paration des pouvoirs'), so ideally and combinably expressed in Article 16 of the French Declaration of Human Rights, to the extent that it does not have the capacity to develop th … More ese concepts (it has the structure of what David terms 'law of administration').Such development was suppressed by 'the yoke of the Tartars' for two and a half centuries, as were non-Western characteristics conceived externally to Russian law, such as the tradition of Cannon Law in the Latin Church and thelegacy of Southern European classical anti-quity, especially the legacy of Roman law. Socialist law was formulated within the lineage oftraditional Russian low.The problem is, however, not only that the structure of the legalorder to be found in written law possesses 'administrative' characteristics. The peasants who made up over ninetypercent of the Imperial Russian population, lived under communalcustoms which had a character of compulsory ('leiturgisch' according to M.Weber's terminology) organisation and the selfish ('unlimited') jurisdiction of the local nobility, as demonstrated by the reality of the Peasant Court set up con-currently with the liberation of peasants in 1861. These communal customs are often referred to by Russian academics and Western scholars as 'customary law' or 'popular law', but as shown by a survey into the actual conditions of the work of the Peasant Court, inreality it did not exceed the norms of a non-legaland non-positivetype of situation ethics (in this way it corresponds to **(qing-li), i.e. 'human sense and reason' found in traditional Chinese law). In other words, written law as 'law of administration' and the legal'vacuum' (order outside of the law)found in Imperial type of society coexisted. The socialist system of quasi-public ownership institutions and Communist Party dictatorship (denial of popular sovereignty on the facts), accorded with this traditional structure of Russian social order.The popular viewpoint held by comparative legal scholars that Sovietlaw and subsequently today's Russian law, falls within the Continental law genealogy, is but one aspect of the state of affairs hinted at in the social order of Russia. Nowaday, we can clearly no longer regard Soviet law characterised as mere 'socialist law' as being a abolition form of capitalist law ('Western modem law). Moreover, viewed from the above angle, the current state of Russian law also suggests the need for a major reconsideration of the extant legal systems theory framework. Less