Genetic differentiation of ninespine sticklebacks in Japan and adjacent countries

我们应用线粒体DNA（mtDNA）RFLP分析追踪母系的两个九刺鱼物种，Pungitius tymensis和P. pungitius，其中偶尔自然杂交检测。在这项研究中，线粒体DNA限制性酶切位点的变化在每个渗入和纯群体进行了分析，以检查过去的人口规模。线粒体DNA系统发育分析了两个不同的系统发育群A和B。异域和同域的P. pungitius种群都属于A组。与此相反，P. tymensis表现出并系性，所有B组单倍型仅P. tymensis具有，但北方和北海道中部的7个群体中有6个携带A组mtDNA单倍型，这与糖浆状P. pungitius群体中观察到的mtDNA单倍型非常接近。这些结果表明，A组线粒体DNA单倍型起源于同域分布的P. pungitius，并且渐渗的mtDNA单倍型可能与P. pungitius的线粒体DNA单倍型有关。 ...更多信息 在每个地区都有多系起源。北方和中部北海道地区的气候较其他地区温暖，可能是造成“纯”群体中mtDNA变异较少和mtDNA渐渗发生率较高的原因。我们还利用线粒体DNA（mtDNA）的RFLP分析，探讨了淡水型九刺鱼种内侧板二型性的地理分布和起源。Pungitius pungitius和P. sinensis物种复合体。用7种限制性内切酶对从41个地点收集的该物种的种群进行了调查，并附上了从俄罗斯鄂霍次克海海岸收集的6个Pungitius种群。54个mtDNA单倍型的UPGMA树状图显示，在日本存在6个聚类群，它们之间的序列差异约为1.2-1.5%。对这些类群的地理分布模式进行比较，认为其分布模式可分为两大类，一类是广泛分布的，另一类是组成单倍型的局部分布。前两组也主要分布在完全板状体的群体中，后两组则主要分布在部分板状体的群体中。两次冰期的北方多形祖先的扩散和间冰期的隔离对这两种变型在日本的分布起了重要作用。少

We applied mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) RFLP analysis to trace the maternal lineages of two ninespine stickleback species, Pungitius tymensis and P. pungitius, in which occasional natural hybridization was detected. In this study, mtDNA restriction site variation within each of the introgressed and pure populations was also analyzed, to examine the past population sizes. MtDNA phylogenies resolved two divergent phylogenetic groups A and B. Both allopatric and sympatric populations of P. pungitius fall within group A. In contrast, P. tymensis appeared paraphyletic; all group B haplotypes were possessed by only P. tymensis, but six of seven populations in the northern and central Hokkaido carried group A mtDNA haplotypes, which were very close to the mtDNA haplotypes observed in syrupattic P. pungitius populations. These observations suggest that the group A mtDNA haplotypes of P. tymensis originated and introgressed from sympatric P. pungitius, and that the introgressed mtDNA haplotypes ha … More ve a polyphyletic origin in each region. The lack of the mtDNA variation in the 'pure' populations and the high incidences of the mtDNA introgression in the northern and central Hokkaido regions may be due to a warmer climate than the other regions.We also used RFLP analysis of entire mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to examine phylogeography and origin of the intraspecific lateral plate dimorphism in the freshwater type of ninespine sticklebacks, Pungitius pungitius and P. sinensis species complex. The survey with seven restriction enzymes was carried out on the populations of this species collected from 41 localities across the species range and six Pungitius populations collected from the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk in Rissia were appended. UPGMA dendrogram among 54 mtDNA haplotypes revealed the existence of six clustering groups differing from each other by approximately 1.2-1.5% in sequence divergences in Japan. Comparison of the geographic distribution patterns of these groups suggests the patterns shoud beclassified into two broad categories, one with the extensive dispersals and the other with the localized distributions of the constituent haplotypes. The former groups were also carried mainly in the populations with completely plated morph, but the latter groups were in partially plated morph. It appears that the twice glacial dispersals of polymorphic ancestors from northern regions and an interglacial isolation played an important role in the formation of present distributions of the two morphs in Japan. Less