Development of System for Comprehensive Analysis and Assessment of Atmospheric Environment

研究了表征空气中颗粒物、气体污染物和雨水的重要特征以及分析它们之间相互作用的方法。平均粒径小于2.5 μm的细颗粒物占总质量的75%。在甲府市收集的空气颗粒物和年平均浓度超过了美国的新标准。S. A.用荧光X射线和X射线衍射法对采集的样品和萃取残渣进行了分析，用ICP-AES、离子色谱法等对丙酮、水和0.1M盐酸的连续萃取物进行了分析。尤其是Cu、Zn、Br和Pb主要来源于机动车。冬季高浓度Cl的化学形态主要为氯化铵，夏季高浓度S的化学形态主要为硫酸铵。污染物的化学形态影响 ...更多信息 对活体的摄入量起作用。研究了过滤-超滤-催化测定雨水中Fe和Mo的物理化学形态的方法。非不稳定的铁被发现在颗粒部分，其特征在于酸溶性氢氧化铁和腐殖铁聚集体和酸不溶性化合物，如氧化物和硅酸盐。不稳定的铁被发现在5-20%的初始降雨样品的低分子部分，也在颗粒部分的铁络合在腐殖铁聚集体。在低分子组分中发现了不稳定的钼离子。颗粒物中存在不稳定形态，这归因于与氢氧化铁的共沉淀。腐殖酸使钼处于不稳定状态，钼可能吸附或络合在腐殖铁团聚体表面。同时，通过对大气颗粒物、大气污染物和降水的同时采集，研究了它们之间的相互关系。研制了便携式比色计、多通道分光光度计和光声光谱仪，并成功地应用于亚硝酸根、铁离子等的测定。

Methodology has been investigated for characterization of important features of airborne particulate matter, gas pollutants and rain and for analysis of their interaction. Mass percentage of fine particles smaller than 2.5 μm was 75% in av. for airborne particulate matter collected in Kofu-City and annual average concentration exceeded the new standard of U. S. A. The collected samples and extraction residues were successfully analyzed by the fluorescent X-ray and X-ray diffraction methods, and the sequential extracts with acetone, water and 0.1M hydrochloric acid analyzed by ICP-AES, ion chromatography, etc. Almost all parts of S, Cl, Zn, Br and Pb and most of V, Cu and K were concentrated in fine particles and presumed to arise from anthropogenic sources; especially, Cu, Zn, Br and Pb mainly from motor vehicles. The chemical form of Cl at high concentration in winter was mainly ammonium chloride and that of S in summer mainly ammonium sulfate. The chemical forms of pollutants influen … More ce on the intake into living bodies. A combination of a sensitive catalytic determination method with filtration and ultrafiltration was investgated for the physicochemical speciation of Fe and Mo in rain water. Non-labile Fe was found in the particle fraction and characterized as acid-soluble iron hydroxide and humic iron aggregates and as acid-insoluble compounds like oxides and silicates. Labile Fe was found at 5-20% in the low molecular fraction of initial rainfall samples, and also in the particle fraction as Fe complexed on humic iron aggregates. Labile Mo was found in the low molecular fraction as molybdate ions. Non-labile form existed in particulates, which was attributed to the coprecipitation with iron hydroxide. Humic acid made labile Mo, which was probably adsorbed or complexed on the surface of humic iron aggregates. Furthermore, the relationship among some components in particulate mater, gas pollutants and rain was investigated by their simultaneous collection. Portable colorimeter, multichannel spectrophotometer and photoacoustic spectrometer were developed and successfully applied to the determination of nitrite, Fe ions, etc. Less