A Theoretical Study of Relation between High Schools and Universities -from the Curricular Perspective-

首先，我们提出了一个新的框架，以便能够比较世界上的中等教育和高等教育。根据这一框架，我们将日本的中等教育体系划分为普及预备教育，将德国的中等教育体系划分为大众预备教育，将两国的高等教育划分为大众型教育。这两个国家的不同之处在于，日本有一个普遍的质量模型，而德国有一个质量模型。由于日本和德国一样，在50年前也是大众-大众模式，所以我们可以很容易地比较这两种制度。从我们的比较中得出的最重要的启示之一是，从德国Hochschul-Informations-System研究人员的问卷调查结果中，我们可以得出结论，毕业生在大学里学到的东西和社会希望他们学到的东西之间存在很大的差异。日本大学的课程与德国大学的课程一样以学科为导向。但是大多数大学毕业生不是进入研究生院，而是进入职业领域。大学阶段以职业为中心的课程必须向整体课程转变，以使毕业生在进入职业世界时能够学到他们所需要的东西。如果高中和大学的课程都变得整体化，那么双方的关系就会越来越好。

At first we propose a new framework in order to make it possible to compare secondary and higher education in the world. Using this framework, we classified the Japanese secondary educational system as universal preparatory and the German as mass preparatory, and higher education in both countries as mass-type. The difference between these two countries is that Japan has a universal-mass model and Germany a mass-mass model. Because Japan had a mass-mass model as Germany fifty years ago, We can compare two systems rather easily.One of the most important suggestive points resulting from our comparison is as follows.From the result of the questionnaires which German researchers at Hochschul-Informations-System made we can conclude that there are big discrepancies between what graduates learned at universities and what the society wants them to learn. The curricula of Japanese universities are discipline-oriented as that of the German counterpart. But most of the graduates from universities go into not the graduate schools but the vocational world. Discipline-centered curriculum at university level must be revised to the holistic curriculum in order that graduates can learn what they need when entering into the vocational world. If both the curriculum of high schools and that of universities become holistic, then the relationship between both sides will become better and better.