Resource Mangement Issues of Export-Oriented Tuna Fishery in South East Asia.

新鲜金枪鱼的出口地点大多位于亚洲热门城市，受到日本游客的欢迎。这是因为新鲜的金枪鱼通常是通过定期的乘客恐慌利用其剩余的货位运输的。广场共识达成后对日元的评估促进了新鲜金枪鱼的进口，而乘客恐慌的增加将越来越多的日本游客带到亚洲城市，使越来越多的日本游客能够接受新鲜金枪鱼的国际空运。在帕劳，只有长线渔船才能捕获生鱼片级别的新鲜金枪鱼。这些船只由中国人、台湾人和日本人运营：没有观察到长线运营的本地化。这是因为菲律宾的渔业技术不发达，被美国援助的旅游业和公共部门吸收后缺乏当地劳动力，以及当地私人投资资金的短缺。在菲律宾，金枪鱼产业最早是由美国的金枪鱼罐头…引发的更多的宁波产业，然后逐渐被当地投资者所取代。虽然塞纳河钱包的船只使用Payao或漂浮的鱼棚捕获了Skipjack作为罐头材料，但当地的木船被用来支持这一行动。然后船本身就开始用钩钓法捕捞新鲜的金枪鱼出口。印尼政府在限制外商直接投资的同时，积极发展金枪鱼产业。因此，生产鲜活金枪鱼的长线渔业公司是由台湾、中国或日本的国家公司、地区国有公司或合作社与私营公司合资经营的。虽然这些公司的生产率不高，但在充裕而廉价的劳动力的支持下，捕获量迅速增加。由于日本是生鱼片级别金枪鱼的最大市场，世界新鲜金枪鱼的价格取决于日本的市场状况。金枪鱼供应的增加降低了引起额外需求的市场价格。此外，在泡沫经济期间，需求也出现了短暂的增长。因此，没有诱因促使需求者/消费者承担资源管理的费用。东南亚的出口国努力管理金枪鱼资源，试图通过向渔船发放有限数量的许可证等手段来限制渔业活动。然而，当局未能让渔民为资源管理支付适当的费用。因为，渔民很容易移动他们的渔场，以避免承担资源管理的成本，同时考虑到其他因素，如水中资源的密度以及作业和出口的成本。因此，我们认为，金枪鱼资源利益主体之间的合作对于可持续资源管理的有效运作是必要的。较少

The exporting sites of fresh tuna are mostly located in the Asian popular cities for Japanese tourists. This is because fresh tuna is normally transported by periodical passenger frights utilizing their remnant cargo spaces. The evaluation of Yen after the Plaza Consensus facilitated the fresh tuna import to Japan, while the increase in the passenger frights that brought increasing number of Japanese tourists to Asian cities enabled to accept the international air transportation of fresh tuna.In Palau, it is only Long Line vessels that catch Sashimi-grade fresh tuna. The vessels are operated by Chinese, Taiwanese and Japanese : The localization of Long Line operation was not observed. This is because of the underdeveloped fishing technology, the lack of local labor force after being absorbed by tourism industry and public sector that is supported by American aids, and the shortage of local private investment fund.In the Philippines, Tuna industry was first triggered by the U.S.tuna can … More ning industry, and then it was gradually substituted by local investors. While Purse Seine vessels caught skipjack as canning material by using Payao, or floating fish shelter, local wooden boats were utilized to support the operation. Then the boat itself started to catch fresh tuna by Hook ＆ Line method for export. Abundant inexpensive labor force was a factor that expanded the industry.In Indonesia, the government took initiative in the development of tuna industry while it limited the foreign direct investment. Therefore, Long Line fishing companies for fresh tuna production were operated as joint ventures between national company, regional state-owned company, or cooperatives and private companies from Taiwan, China or Japan. Although the companies' productivities are not high, the volume of catch was increased rapidly supported by the abundant and inexpensive labor force.Since Japan is the largest market for fresh Sashimi-grade tuna, the world fresh tuna price is determined by the Japanese market condition. The increase in the supply of tuna reduced the market price that induced additional demand. Also, a temporal increase in demand was observed during the Bubble economy. Thus, there was no incentive for demanders/consumers to shoulder the costs of resource management.Exporting countries in South East Asia made effort to manage tuna resource by trying to limit fishery effort by such means as allocating the limited number of licenses to fishing vessels. The authority, however, failed to let fishers pay for appropriate costs for the resource management. For, fishers easily move their fishing grounds in order to avoid bearing the costs for resource management taking other factors into account such as the density of resource in the water and the costs of operation and export. Therefore, we suggest that the cooperation among beneficial lies of the tuna resource is necessary for the effective operation of sustainable resource management. Less