Study on Feasibility of Transfer of Japanese Pollution Experiences to Developing Countries

20世纪60年代，日本通过大力发展重工业，成功实现了经济的快速发展。由于这种工业扩张没有充分考虑环境因素，日本工业城市同时面临着严重的污染。然而，在20世纪60年代末和70年代初，日本的产业政策突然急剧地从“经济发展”转向“污染控制”。日本的城市环境已迅速改善到可接受的水平。这种改善是由于日本在20世纪70年代突然调整了国家政策，纳入了反污染措施，这被称为“日本的污染奇迹”。本研究试图找出造成“奇迹”的社会经济背景，即1970年代日本工业所采取的强化环境保护措施的实施。本文以大气污染为研究对象，对日本横滨、大阪和北九州三个工业城市的大气污染治理历史进行了研究。然后，通过对这三个城市的比较，讨论了实施中遇到的问题和制约因素，并讨论了能够采取实质性空气污染控制措施的因素。最后，评估了这些方法对发展中国家的相关性。

Japan succeeded rapid economic development in the 1960s by promoting heavy industries. Because this industrial expansion was attained without sound environmental consideration, Japanese industrial cites faced serious pollution at the same time. However, Japan's industrial policy suddenly and drastically shifted from "economic development" to "pollution control" during the late 1960's and the early 1970s. The urban environment in Japan has been rapidly improved to an acceptable level. This improvement resulted from Japan's sudden adjustment in national policy during the 1970s to include anti-pollution measures, which is known as "Japan's Pollution Miracle".This study attempts to identify the social and economic background which enabled the "Miracle", implementation of the intensive environmental protection measures adopted by Japanese industry during the 1970's. Focusing on air pollution, particularly on dust fall and sulfur oxide pollutions, this paper studies on histories of air pollution control in three Japanese industrial cities, Yokohama, Osaka, and Kitakyushu. Then, comparing these three cities, the problems and constraints encountered in implementation is discussed and factors that enabled the substantial measures for air pollution control is discussed. At last, the relevance of these approaches for developing countries is assessed.