Cultural Anthropological Studies on Leather and Hide Manufacturing Using Animal Skin in the Northern Pacific Rim

在环太平洋北方地区，动物皮由于其显著的可加工性、保温性和防水性，长期以来一直被用作各种尺寸的各种产品的材料。然而，这种材料在使用前需要鞣制。这是一个冗长而耗时的过程。以前对北方民族制革技术的研究一般基于简单的逻辑，即对比两个相反的因素--原始的古亚细亚技术和复杂的通古斯技术--并简单地得出前者被后者取代的结论。然而，假设制革技术一旦建立，就保持原样是不自然的。即使在苔原地区，复杂的制革技术（例如，使用肝和脑的混合物或吸烟）开始实施，用于这些技术的工具也相应得到改进。此外，根据皮革的类型及其预期用途，使用了不同的技术和工具。简单的技能， ...更多信息 我们经常与更复杂的因素结合在一起。通过这项研究，证实了毛皮制造技术不是在有限的文化领域或特定的自然环境下发展起来的，而是通过参与市场经济、商品贸易和职业专业化体系而发生变化的，这些体系随着民族之间的接触和西方列强的进步而扩大。本研究的另一个重点是海狸皮和海獭皮的鞣制和销售，这些皮在现代市场上受到高度重视，并考虑到打算在占领区开发毛皮的法定公司的政策。为了应对欧洲和中国市场对毛皮的需求不断增加，土著人的毛皮生产迅速增加。小型毛皮动物鞣制技术的发展导致了更高效技术的引入。这项研究突出了以往研究的缺陷，其特点是他们的保守态度，只注意传统的技能，只适用于大型动物在特定领域。此外，由于该研究没有考虑特定地区，而是考虑了整个北方环太平洋地区，因此可以成功地阐明每个地区的特征。少

In northern Pacific Rim regions, animal skin has long been used as a material forvarious products of all sizes because of its significant workability and heat-retaining and water-resistant properties. This material does, however, need to be tanned before use. This is tedious and time-consuming process. Previous studies on the tanning techniques of northern ethnic groups were generally based on simple logic that contrasts two opposing factors - crude Paleo-Asiatic skills and complicated Tungusic techniques - and simply concluded that the former was overtaken by the latter. It is unnatural, however, to assume that tanning techniques, once established, remained as they were. Even in the tundra area, complicated tanning techniques (e.g., the use of a mixture of liver and brain or smoking) came into practice and the tools used for these techniques were improved accordingly. Also, different techniques and tools were used depending on the type of leather and its intended use. Simple skills we … More re often combined with more complicated ones. Through this study, it was substantiated that fur manufacturing techniques did not develop in a limited cultural domain or under a specific natural environment, but that they changed variably through involvement in a market economy, commodity trade, and job specialization systems, which were expanded in conjunction with increasing contact between ethnic groups and the advancement of the Western powers. Another focus of this study is the tanning and distribution of beaver and sea otter skins, which came to be valued highly in the modem market, with consideration of the policies of statutory companies that intended to exploit fur in the occupied area.In response to the rising demand for fur in the European and Chinese markets, a rapid increase in fur production by indigenous people occurred. The development of tanning techniques for small fur animals led to the introduction of more efficient technologies. This study highlights defects in previous studies that are characterized by their conservative attitudes of paying attention solely to traditional skills that were only applicable to large animals in specific areas. Also, because this study did not consider specific regions, but rather the overall northern Pacific Rim area, it was possible to successfully clarify the characteristics of each region. Less