A study on Exports of the Japan-Netherlands Trade and a Situation of Asian Market in the 17th century

我曾研究过17世纪日本与荷兰的贸易体系和出口。在这项研究中，我列举了几个主题来阐明这些问题。我的重点是与荷兰东印度公司(VOC)的分销渠道，以及这一时期的贸易出口(白银、铜、黄金和樟脑)的过程。1609-1668年出口白银，占全部出口的80%以上。它作为资本投资于中国和印度，并与VOC一起投资。特别是在16世纪30年代，VOC从日本的白银贸易中获利丰厚。然而，随着美国白银大量涌入亚洲市场和欧洲市场，这种情况发生了变化。17世纪40年代以后，白银相对于黄金的价值下降了。此外，荷兰在中国的贸易在1662年遭到破坏。因此，由于这些因素，日本白银的出口逐渐减少。另一方面，日本政府为了避免白银外流，于1668年决定禁止白银出口。1664年被允许出口的黄金(科班)取代白银成为这一贸易中最重要的物品和铜一样。印度克罗曼德尔海岸的黄金与VOC一起使用。自荷兰平户工厂建立以来，铜一直在出口，尽管数量仍然低于白银。铜逐渐成为日荷贸易中不可或缺的商品。我证明了存在着一群只在平户与荷兰人做生意的商人。当工厂迁往长崎时，这一群体被排除在贸易之外(1641年)。并对这一时期日荷贸易的相关文献进行了研究，指出了这一阶段存在的问题。我还翻译了范德韦恩写的一份关于贸易形势的报告，直到18世纪中叶，他曾三次担任这家工厂的负责人。对于所有这些研究，我结束了对《江户时代日本-荷兰贸易研究》的评论。

I have investigated the Japan-Netherlands trading system and exports in the 17th century. I gave several subjects for making clear of them in this research. I focused on a channel of distribution with the Dutch East India Company (VOC), and also a process of the trading exports (silver, copper, gold and camphor) in this period. Silver was exported from 1609 to 1668, which was accounted for over eighty percent in all exports. It was invested as capital in China and India with VOC. VOC made a huge profit from Japanese silver trade particularly in the 1630s.The situation, however, changed by a great flow of American silver to Asian market and European market. After 1640s the value of silver compared with gold declined. Moreover the Dutch trade in China damaged in 1662. Thus the exports of Japanese silver had gradually decreased for those factors. The other hand the Japanese government decided to prohibit the export of silver in 1668 for avoiding an outflow of silver. Gold (coban), permitted to export form 1664, became the most important article as well as copper in this trade instead of silver. Gold was used in Cromandel coast in India with VOC. Copper was constantly exported from the establishment of the Dutch factory, in Hirado though the amount was still lower than silver's. Copper became gradually an indispensable article to the Japan-Netherlands trade. I proved that a group of merchants who could exclusively trade with the Dutch in Hirado existed. The group were eliminated from the trade when the factory moved to Nagasaki (1641). I also researched into papers about the Japan-Netherlands trade in this period, and gave the problems of this field in this stage. I also translated a report about the trade situation until the middle of the 18th century written by van der Waeyen who had worked as a head of the factory three times. For all those research I finished my disertation about " A Study of the Japan-Netherlans Trade in the Edo Era".