Executive-Legislature Relations in Democratization

这项研究的重点是在一些东南亚国家的立法和行政之间的关系不断变化。我的注意力主要集中在国际因素和国内政治制度变化之间的相互作用上，最突出的是菲律宾和泰国，其中提到马来西亚和泰国。这是一个特别有趣的问题，当我们研究亚洲地区时，媒体把这么多的责任归咎于外部因素，而学者却很少关注。对于贾拉克塔愤怒的穆斯林来说，印尼向梅加瓦蒂政府的过渡不过是美国干预国内事务的又一个例子;很少有比较主义者会把这种联系起来，即使华盛顿可能参与了梅加瓦蒂的选择。在外行看来显而易见的东西，在专业人士看来不过是另一种阴谋论。 ...更多信息 一点是，外部因素，无论是以整体结构的形式还是更具体的行动者，总是在菲律宾政治中占有重要地位，而在泰国历史上只发挥了有限的作用。在菲律宾引发政治动荡的市场在泰国更像是一个政治机会，这种国家差异超过了政治变革阶段的差异。我们不知道外部因素是否在向民主的过渡中比在相反方向的政权变化中，即从民主到威权主义，施加更大的影响。然而，公平地说，有些政权比其他政权更容易受到外部因素的影响，泰国后独裁统治在货币危机后的突然垮台似乎表明，任何假定的对外部影响的刚性或弹性都可能是表面的。印度尼西亚的情况也证实了这种猜测：苏哈托政权，如此独立于外部压力，崩溃像一个雪做的花环。少

This study has focused on the changing relationships between the legislature and the executive in a number of Southeast Asian Nations. I have directed most of my attention to the interplay between international factors and the changes in domestic political institutions, most notably in two cases, the Philippines and Thailand, with references to Malaysia and IndonesiaThis is especially an interesting question when we study the Asian region, where media has put so much blames on external factors while so little attention has been paid by scholars. To angry Muslim in Jarakrta, the transition to the Megawati administration in Indonesia was but another example of American intervention into domestic affairs ; very few comparativists will make such connections, even if Washington may have had a hand in the choice of Megawati. What seems obvious to the unlearned mind is but another conspiracy theory to the professionals.My study has indicated suggestive agendas, as followsThe first and obvious … More point is mat external factors, either in form of overall structures or more specific actors, always weighted heavily in Filipino politics, while played only limited role in Thai history. The market, which had ignited political instability in the Philippines, was more of a political opportunity in Thailand.Such national differences outweigh differences in the phases of political change. We do not know whether external factors exert more influence in the transition to democracies rather than in regime changes of the reverse direction, from democracy to authoritarianism. It seems fair to say, however, that some regimes are more vulnerable to changes in external factors than others.The sudden fall of post-authoritarian rule in Thailand after the currency crisis seems to indicate that any assumed rigidity or elasticity toward external influence may be superficial. The case of Indonesia also affirms such speculation : the Suharto regisme, so independent from external pressures, collapsed like a wreath made of snow. Less