Imperialism in Japan at the beginning of the twentieth century

本研究重新审视了20世纪初关于日本帝国主义的各种观点。日语中的帝国主义一词最早出现在1898年，当时中国的部分地区被欧洲列强瓜分，菲律宾被美国吞并。帝国主义在第一次世界大战前在西方并不是一个消极的思想，但日本的倡导者在断言帝国主义时肯定有些犹豫。本文考察了帝国主义与以社会主义或基督教为基础的社会改革的关系。反帝的社会基督徒乔治·D·赫伦影响了日本基督教社会主义者村井友史和木下直江，我曾就他们写过一篇文章和一本书。本研究考察了日本反帝运动反对日俄战争的发展。基督教、自由主义和社会主义推动了反战运动。其中，列夫·托尔斯泰的非抵抗思想被广泛接受。

This study has reexamined various opinions about imperialism in Japan at the beginning of the twentieth century.The Japanese word imperialism was first used in 1898 when some parts of China were divided by European powers and Philippines was annexed by the United States. Imperialism was not a negative idea before the First World War in the West, but Japanese advocates must have felt some hesitation in asserting imperialism.This study has investigated the relationship between imperialism and social reform based on socialism or Christianity. The anti-imperialist social Christian George D. Herron influenced Japanese Christian socialist Murai Tomoyoshi and Kinoshita Naoe, on whom I have written an article and a book.This study has examined the development of anti-imperialism in Japan to oppositions to the Russo-Japanese War. Christianity, liberalism and socialism urged anti-war movement. Among them, the nonresistance thought of Lev Tolstoy was accepted quite extensively.