A Comparative Study of Economics, Social Sciences and Media for Education in Advanced Countries

三年来，计算机和网络在社会科学的研究和教育中得到了极大的普及。许多国家和国际组织（包括国际经济协会）建立了自己的网站，并开始提供最新的信息和决议。包括官方数据和科学期刊在内的在线资源改变了许多学者的研究风格。在大学教授社会科学时，我曾提出，使用电子学习工具进行“明智引导的同行评议”，足以有效提高学生课程论文的质量。我关注的是1945年以来经济学家在日本政府中的作用，并参考了现有的和正在进行的国际比较研究。与参加政府审议委员会相比，日本经济学家在二战战败后的经济重建时期（1945- 1952年）、20世纪80年代的日本国家铁路改革以及90年代中期以后的经济改革（包括放松管制）的讨论中，在决策过程中显得尤为突出。研究表明，1995-96年期间，美国政府和一些美国经济学家对日本的“保护主义”政策进行了激烈的批评，一批日本（专门从事经济政策研究的）经济学家对经济研究的态度从理论导向转向了应用导向。

The social sciences and media in Japan Computers and networks have been dramatically spread in both research and education in the social sciences for three years. Many national and international organizations (including the International Economic Association) established their Web site, and began to provide with the latest information and resolutions. The research style of many scholars has been changed due to the on-line resources including official data and scientific journals. In teaching social sciences at universities I proposed that "wisely guided peer review" with the use of e-learning tools is effective enough to enhance the quality of student course essays.Japanese political economy I focused on the role of economists in Japanese government since 1945 with referring to existing and on-going international comparative studies. Japanese economists became conspicuous in the policy-making process during the period of economic reconstruction after the loss of WWII (1945-52), the reform of the Japan National Railway in the 1980s, and the discussion for economic reforms (including deregulation) after the mid 1990s compared with attending government deliberation committees. This study shows that a number of Japanese economists (who were specialized in economic policies) changed their attitude toward economic research from theory-oriented to application-oriented during 1995-96, when the US government and several American economists vehemently criticized the Japan's "protectionist" policies.