Evolution of host manipulation by host-specific parasitic bird

杜鹃Cuculus fugax是日本和东亚的一种专性亲鸟寄生虫，主要寄生于蓝色羽毛的小型雀形目鸟类，特别是红腹红腹蓝腹滨鹬（Tarsiger cyanurus）、蓝白色姬鹬（Cyanoptila cyanomelana）和西伯利亚蓝腹滨鹬（Luscinia cyane）。我们调查了生态 * 鹰杜鹃在清里，轻井泽，富士山。霍斯菲尔德鹰杜鹃的雏鸟有鲜艳的黄色缝隙，裸露的翅膀也是鲜艳的黄色。它把翅弯挂起来，向寄主父母炫耀，还从来没有报道过寄生鸟的育雏在整个v* 中有这样一系列奇怪的特征，我们进行了录像和死亡实验来研究翅弯的功能。在我们的研究结果中，父母，红色火焰的红罗宾Tarsiger cyanurus，实际上试图错误地喂养翅膀弯曲。本文对日本四种寄生杜鹃的寄主巢环境的临界条件进行了分析，并提出了导致寄生雏操纵寄主策略发生变化的原因

The horsfield"s hawk cuckoo Cuculus fugax is an obligate broo parasite in Japan and East Asia, which paras* small passerines especially whose plumage is blue, especially to red-flamked bushrobin Tarsiger cyanurus, blue white flycatcher Cyanoptila cyanomelana, and Siberian blue robin Luscinia cyane. We investigated the ecology * hawk cuckoo in Kiyosato, Karuizawa, and Mt Fuji. The chick of horsfield"s hawk cuckoo has vivid yellow gap naked wing-bends of vivid yellow as well. It hangs the wing-bends and shows them off to its host parents comi* feed It has never been reported of the brood parasitic birds to have such a series of queer traits throughout the v* We conducted video recordings and dying experiments to examine the function of wing-bends. In our results, the parents, the red-flamked bushrobin Tarsiger cyanurus, actually tried to feed to the wing-bends by mistake. We di* the liminous condition of host nest environment among four species of parasitic cuckoos In Japan, and suggest the that makes the variation in the host manipulation tactics by parasitic chicks