RECONSTRUCTION OF HEXAPOD PHYLOGENY BASED ON THE EVOLUTIONARY TRANSITION OF EMBRYONIC MEMBRANES: EMBRYOLOGICAL STUDY ON DIPLURA

在六足动物的生殖发育中，最具争议的问题之一是双尾目。在本研究项目中，我扩展了系统发育的讨论，涉及双尾类，根据该计划'的胚胎膜的进化变化和专门化之间的胚胎适当和胚胎膜在六足类和相关的节肢动物'，我已经开发和演示。我批判性地研究了双尾类胚胎发生特别是参考胚胎膜的发展和相关现象。结果表明：（1）双尾类的表皮卵被既来源于胚体，又来源于浆膜，属于胚盘表皮，（2）双尾类中发育有羊膜的同源物，被认为是外颚类的胚胎自形;和3）在双尾目中，尽管产生羊膜，但没有形成任何与双尾目中的螺旋状褶皱相当的结构。 ...更多信息 本文讨论了六足类和近缘节肢动物胚胎发育过程中胚体和胚膜的特化作用，并提出：（1）双尾类胚盘角质层的产生在六足类中是近形的，（2）羊膜的产生是双尾类和外颚类的一种共形现象;（3）外颚类的自形不是羊膜的产生，而是双髁的形成，以及羊膜的产生与皱褶的形成的联系，正是双髁类。因此，提出了一个系统发育公式：六足目=弹尾目+（双尾目+外颚目（=古颚目+双髁目（=接合目+翼目）。这就需要对目前公认的六足动物的系统发育进行实质性的修正，即：六足动物=内颚动物（=弹尾目+双尾目）+外颚动物（=古颚动物+双髁动物（=接合虫+翼目）），拒绝内颚动物的单系地位。这也证实了我所论证的关于“胚胎膜的进化变化以及六足类和近缘节肢动物胚胎和胚胎膜之间的特化”的方案不需要修改，即使甲壳纲或多足纲显示出与六足纲的姐妹关系。少

One of the most controversial problems in hexapod phylogeny concerns the Diplura. In this research project, I extend a phylogenetic discussion involving Diplura, in the light of the scheme 'the evolutionary changes of embryonic membranes and the specialization between the embryo proper and embryonic membranes in hexapods and allied arthropods' that I have developed and demonstrated.I critically examined the dipluran embryogenesis with special reference to the development of embryonic membranes and related phenomena. The following results were deduced : 1) the cuticular egg envelope of Diplura is derived both from the embryo proper and serosa, to be categorized in the blastoderm cuticle ; 2) a homologue of the amnion, which has been regarded as an embryological autapomorphy of Ectognatha, develops in Diplura ; and 3) any structures comparable to the amnioserosal fold are not formed, in spite of the production of amnion, in Diplura.These results obtained can be read, in the context of 't … More he evolutionary changes of embryonic membranes and the specialization between the embryo proper and embryonic membranes in hexapods and allied arthropods', as follows : 1) the production of blastoderm cuticle in Diplura is to be recognized as being plesiomorphic within hexapods ; 2) the production of amnion can be designated as a synapomorphy of Diplura and Ectognatha ; and 3) it is not the production of amnion but the formation of amnioserosal folds as well as the linkage of amniotic production to the formation of fold, that should be nominated as the autapomorphy of Ectognatha, were precisely Dicondylia. Consequently, proposed is a phylogeny formulated as : Hexapoda = Collembola + (Diplura + Ectognatha (= Archaeognatha + Dicondylia (= Zygentoma + Pterygota))). This requires a substantial revision to the currently accepted hexapod phylogeny formulated as : Hexapoda = Entognatha (= Collembola + Diplura) + Ectognatha (= Archaeognatha + Dicondylia (= Zygentoma + Pterygota)), rejecting a monophyletic status of Entognatha. It is verified as well that the scheme I have argued concerning 'the evolutionary changes of embryonic membranes and the specialization between the embryo proper and embryonic membranes in hexapods and allied arthropods' does not need to be revised, even if either Crustacea or Myriapoda showing the sister relationship to Hexapoda. Less