Japanese cultural influence on the development of competence from early-childhood to adulthood-A study of developmental social psychology based on the longitudinal and cross-sectional approach-

本研究的目的是阐明日本文化中的能力知觉的发展过程。本文以Harter（1987）的能力理论和测量量表、Markus & Kitayayama（1991）的自我文化观理论和Takata（2000）的独立/相互依赖自我测量量表为基础，对青少年、成年和衰老三个阶段的三个横向研究和一个从儿童期到青少年期的纵向研究进行了四次调查，这些调查的摘要如下。（1）在各个发展阶段，知觉能力的子类别与构成原Harter量表的子类别基本一致。(2)It纵向数据显示，能力知觉总体上从儿童期到青春中期呈下降趋势，到青春后期略有上升，但总体自我价值感的自我评价在这一时期基本保持不变。横截面研究表明，无论是在许多领域的知觉能力或整体自我价值感，中年高于青少年，老年人高于中年。（3）各发展阶段的独立性和互赖性差异与以往的研究结果基本一致，但青少年和老年人的一些自我评价差异可能来源于样本偏差。关于知觉能力，全球自我价值感，独立性和相互依存之间的关系的分析表明，知觉能力的发展过程被破坏的自我的文化内涵的收购过程，虽然哈特的规模是适用于日本文化。

The purpose of the present investigation is to clarify the developmental processes of the perceived competence in Japanese culture. Based on Harter (1987)'s theory and measurement scales on the competence, on Markus & Kitayayama(1991)'s theory of the cultural view of self, and on Takata(2000)'s scale measuring the independent/interdependent self, four investigations three cross-sectional studies on adolescence, adulthood and senescence and a longitudinal study from childhood to adolescence, were conducted.The summary of these investigations is as follows. (1)The sub-categories of the perceived competence were almost identical with those of constitute original Harter's scale in each developmental stage. (2)It was shown from longitudinal data that the perceived competence generally decline from childhood to middle-adolescence then rise slightly in late-adolescence, and that self-evaluation on the global self-worth keeps nearly same level during these period, however. Cross-sectional studies represent that either perceived competence of many domains or global self-worth were higher in the middle-aged than in the adolescent, and higher in the elderly than in the middle-aged. (3)The differences of the independence and interdependence among each developmental stage were almost same with past findings except for some self-evaluations on the adolescent and the elderly probably derived from the sample biases. The analyses regarding the relationship between perceived competence, global self-worth, independence, and interdependence suggest that the developmental processes of perceived competence are undermined by the acquisition process of the cultural construal of self, although Harter's scale is applicable in Japanese culture.