Research on Training Programmes for Universalization of Basic Education

根据对印度和孟加拉国非政府组织方案的观察，本研究项目分析了普及基础教育培训方案的情况和问题非政府组织的各种培训方案(a)为非正规教育中心的教员、教师和项目负责人提供的职前和在职培训方案，非政府组织的小学成人扫盲方案，b)支持其他非政府组织的培训方案，c)应政府要求为学校教师提供的培训方案。由于这些方案大多采用参与式方法，因此其战略根据方案的目标而有所不同。（二）非政府组织培训项目的主要特点（二）培训与非政府组织的其他专业职能密切相关，如课程和教材的编制、教育研究和调查、教育项目的实施等。更多的非政府组织在这些领域的活动经验对培训计划有很好的影响。b)由于一个讲师通常负责一个项目，时间表具有连续性和灵活性，教师可以了解每个参与者的个性。c)经验丰富的教师试图鼓励参与者之间的互动。课程中充分安排了参与者的介绍和表演、小组工作和角色扮演等参与性活动。d)由于培训被认为是一个持续的过程，因此后续方案、定期更新方案和每月审查方案很重要。e)与政府的项目相比，非政府组织的项目更具灵活性和创新性，有时采用新的以学习者为中心的教学方法，政府和国际组织也意识到这种方法的重要性，他们试图利用有经验和资源的专业非政府组织。虽然非政府组织在与政府的合作中能够获得坚实的资金基础，但政府的政策和指示可能会对其方案产生影响。少

Based on observations of programmes of NGOs in India and Bangladesh, situations and problems off training programmes for universalization of basic education have been analyzed in this research project.1 Varieties of training programmes by NGOsa)Pre-service and in-service programmes for instructors, teachers, and programme leaders in non-formal education centres, elementary schools adult literacy programmes of the NGOs,b) Training programmes for supporting other NGOs,c) Training programmes for schoolteachers at the request of the governmentAs most of these programmes take participatory approaches, their strategies are different corresponding to objectives of the programmes, condition and experiences of participants, and idea of sponsors2 Main characteristics of training programmes by NGOsa)Training is closely related with other professional functions of NGOs, such as curriculum and materials development, educational research and survey, and implementation of educational programmes. Expe … More riences of NGOs' activities in these fields give good effects on training programmesb)As one instructor usually has a responsibility for one programme, schedule has continuity and flexibility and instructors can understand personality of each participant.c)Experienced instructors are trying to encourage interaction among participants. Participatory activities such as presentations and performances by participants, group work, and role playing are adequately arranged in the programmes.d)As training is considered an continuous process, follow-up programme, regular refresh programme and monthly review programme are important.e)NGOs' programmes are rather flexible and innovative comparing to government programmes, and they are sometimes based on new learner-centred pedagogy, As government and international organizations also come to be aware of the importance of this kind of approach, they try to utilize professional NGOs with experience and resources. While NGOs are able to get firm financial foundations In the partnership with governments, government policies and directions might give influences on their programmes. Less